CAJ | 학술논문

本研究检验了情绪的效价和唤醒对记忆提取阶段熟悉性过程和回想过程的影响及其心理机制。结果发现，编码阶段无分心任务时，积极图片的高、低自信再认准确率均高于消极图片，而唤醒对于高自信再认准确率的影响只限于消极图片；在编码阶段设置分心任务时，发现积极和消极的高唤醒图片的高自信再认准确率显著高于低唤醒图片。这些结果说明情绪的效价影响了熟悉性和回想两类记忆过程，而唤醒只影响回想过程，效价效应是编码阶段被试调用认知资源对积极图片进行精细加工的结果，而唤醒对回想过程的影响是自动编码高唤醒刺激细节的结果。
본연구검험료정서적효개화환성대기억제취계단숙실성과정화회상과정적영향급기심리궤제。결과발현，편마계단무분심임무시，적겁도편적고、저자신재인준학솔균고우소겁도편，이환성대우고자신재인준학솔적영향지한우소겁도편；재편마계단설치분심임무시，발현적겁화소겁적고환성도편적고자신재인준학솔현저고우저환성도편。저사결과설명정서적효개영향료숙실성화회상량류기억과정，이환성지영향회상과정，효개효응시편마계단피시조용인지자원대적겁도편진행정세가공적결과，이환성대회상과정적영향시자동편마고환성자격세절적결과。
Memory retrieval involves two processes： familiarity （indexed by low self-confidence recognition） and recollection （indexed by high selfconfidence recognition）. It is unclear which memory process is impacted by emotion that leads to a widespread emotional memory enhancement phenomenon. Previous studies have found that negative or positive stimuli can activate cognitive resources involved in encoding to improve memory, and arousal stimuli can activate the connection between amygdala and sensory brain areas, which leads to recollection of more details. Therefore, we speculated that the valence and arousal of emotion may have different impacts on different memory process. Valence may impact familiarity and recollection by activating sufficient cognitive resources in encoding, but this effect would be adjusted by the amount of cognitive resources; whereas arousal may affect recollection automatically, not restricted by the amount of cognitive resources. Therefore, in Experiment 1, we manipulated valence and arousal separately through orthogonal design to examine their effects on different memory processes under sufficient cognitive resources condition, and, in Experiment2, we added a secondary task in the encoding stage to manipulate the amount of cognitive resources for encoding to examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effect on memory process. A total of 86 subjects participated in the experiments, with 56 in Experiment 1 and 30 in Experiment 2. 432 emotional pictures were selected from IAPS and were divided into five categories： negative low arousal, negative high arousal, positive low arousal, positive high arousal and neutral. There were 144 neutral images and 72 pictures in each subsets. Half pictures of each emotional subset were old items and half were new, balanced across subjects. In order to meet the requirements of orthogonal design, only the data of emotional pictures were analyzed to ensure that there was no difference in arousal values between positive and negative pictures and no difference in valence values between low arousal and high arousal pictures. Both the experiments were divided into an encoding stage and a retrieval stage. In Experiment 1, participants assessed the valence and arousal values of images in a 9-points scale in the encoding stage, and made high and low confidence recognition judgment in regards to the old and new pictures at the retrieval stage. In Experiment 2, in order to restrict the encoding cognitive resources, a distraction task was used in the encoding stage in which subjects were asked to count numbers while assessing the value of the valence and arousal of the images. The rest of the programs was the same in both experiments. The independent variables of the present study were valence （negative, positive） and arousal （low arousal, high arousal）, the dependent variables were memory performances on high and low confidence recognition judgments, including hit rate, correct rejection rate and discrimination accuracy （Pr）. In Experiment 1, the results showed that compared with the negative images, the discrimination accuracies （Pr） of high and low confidence recognition were significantly higher for the positive images. The hit rate of high confidence recognition was significantly higher for the low arousal pictures than the high arousal pictures. In Experiment 2, the results showed that the concurrent task reduced the enhancement effect of the positive pictures; Discrimination accuracy （Pr） of high confidence recognition of the high arousal pictures was significantly higher than those of the low arousal pictures, which implicated that the effect of arousal was not affected by the secondary task. These results suggest that positive emotions can call sufficient cognitive resources for encoding and thereby improve the memory accuracies based on familiarity and recollection process. High arousal emotions can enhance the memory performance based on a recollection process even when the encoding resources are diverted to the secondary task, so the enhancement memory performance of high arousal stimuli is caused by automatically encoding details of the stimuli.