CAJ | 학술논문

大陆土壤及地下水污染现状不容乐观,大量受污染的场地需要及时治理,目前主要依靠国家专项治理项目的形式应对,缺乏持久而稳定的资金保障是难以有效治理的主要瓶颈。台湾地区成立了土壤及地下水污染整治基金,成效显著,污染场地的调查和修复工作完成率已分别达到48.50%和44.58%,并带动了环保产业发展、提升了社会经济效益,其经验和特点可总结为：一是,依法律形式明确,基于＂土壤及地下水污染整治法＂成立,收支与管理有明确规定;二是,来源包括征收费用、基金自身利息和政府拨款三类,以向企业收取污染整治费作为基金主要来源;三是,管理上由环保部门牵头成立基金管理委员会,政府官员、专家、学者多方共同决策;四是,基金使用以采购社会化服务为主,提高基金使用效率;五是,为保证基金的可持续,采取垫付追偿模式,开展有偿整治;六是,为提高企业参与积极性,采用以奖代罚模式,鼓励主动预防污染。为了把生态环境保护上升到公众意识与社会文明的层面以落实可持续发展、开展生态文明建设,大陆已经修订了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,明确了保护优先、预防为主、综合治理、公众参与、损害担责的原则,并即将出台《水污染防治行动计划》与《土壤污染防治行动计划》对水土环境进行更为严格有效的治理与保护。基于目前我国土壤及地下水污染现状与治理困境,归纳和借鉴台湾地区经验,我们建议：建立土壤及地下水污染防治基金,将向石化行业和化学品行业收取污染修复费作为主要来源;将资金解决机制写入《水污染防治法》等政策性文件,明确法律依据;由环保部门牵头基金管理并吸取其他部门以及专家等多方人员参与;注重通过采购社会化服务、收费返还等措施提高污染防治实效。
대륙토양급지하수오염현상불용악관,대량수오염적장지수요급시치리,목전주요의고국가전항치리항목적형식응대,결핍지구이은정적자금보장시난이유효치리적주요병경。태만지구성립료토양급지하수오염정치기금,성효현저,오염장지적조사화수복공작완성솔이분별체도48.50%화44.58%,병대동료배보산업발전、제승료사회경제효익,기경험화특점가총결위：일시,의법률형식명학,기우＂토양급지하수오염정치법＂성립,수지여관리유명학규정;이시,래원포괄정수비용、기금자신이식화정부발관삼류,이향기업수취오염정치비작위기금주요래원;삼시,관리상유배보부문견두성립기금관리위원회,정부관원、전가、학자다방공동결책;사시,기금사용이채구사회화복무위주,제고기금사용효솔;오시,위보증기금적가지속,채취점부추상모식,개전유상정치;륙시,위제고기업삼여적겁성,채용이장대벌모식,고려주동예방오염。위료파생태배경보호상승도공음의식여사회문명적층면이락실가지속발전、개전생태문명건설,대륙이경수정료《중화인민공화국배경보호법》,명학료보호우선、예방위주、종합치리、공음삼여、손해담책적원칙,병즉장출태《수오염방치행동계화》여《토양오염방치행동계화》대수토배경진행경위엄격유효적치리여보호。기우목전아국토양급지하수오염현상여치리곤경,귀납화차감태만지구경험,아문건의：건립토양급지하수오염방치기금,장향석화행업화화학품행업수취오염수복비작위주요래원;장자금해결궤제사입《수오염방치법》등정책성문건,명학법률의거;유배보부문견두기금관리병흡취기타부문이급전가등다방인원삼여;주중통과채구사회화복무、수비반환등조시제고오염방치실효。
The soil and groundwater pollution is serious in China and large areas of polluted sites require remediation in time. At present,the pollution remediation mainly depends on special funds at national levels. However,the lack of sustainable and stable funds guarantee is the biggest constraint in soil and groundwater pollution remediation progress. In Chinese Taiwan,the establishment of‘Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Fund＇（ SGPRF） provides a good example. With the support of this fund,the site investigation rate has reached 48. 50%,while the remedation rate has reached 44. 58%. Moreover,the environmental protection industry and social economics also benefits from the SGPRF. Experiences and characteristics of the SGPRF are as follows： First,the fund is established according to ‘Soil and Groundwater Remediation Act＇,which provides clear references to the management of the fund. Second,the source of the fund covers widely,including the collected costs,the fund＇s own interest and government funding.Nonetheless,the pollution remediation fees from enterprises is the major one. Third,the operation and management of the fund is based on the establishment of a Fund Committee-‘Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Fund Management Board＇,which is composed of government officials,experts,and scholars. Fourth,purchasing social services is the main use of the fund,while high using efficiency is an important advantage. Fifth,‘paid and recourse＇mode is adopted to guarantee the sustainability of the Fund.Sixth,award approaches are established as initiatives to enterprises in pollution prevention,instead of enhancing punishment measures.In order to ensure sustainable development and build‘ecological civilization＇,it is necessary to educate the society. For this purpose,the Mainland China has revised Environmental Protection Law of the People＇s Republic of China,in which the principles of superiority of protection,main dependence on prevention,comprehensive remediation,social participation and punishment mechanism,are established. Furthermore,the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution will soon introduce,which are expected to provide more effective protection to the water and soil. Based on the study of the SGPRF of Chinese Taiwan,we give suggestions to the Mainland as follows： set up a soil and groundwater pollution prevention remediation fund,and collect fees from pollution and potential pollution industries（ major in petrochemical and chemical industry）;legislate the mechanisms and funding in law,such as the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law,the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution,etc.; establish a Fund Committee involving experts and academics with different sectors of the community; advance the efficiency by purchasing social services,returning charges,and so on.