兰州学刊
蘭州學刊
란주학간
2015年
4期
71~76
,共null页
明代 盐商子弟 两淮运学 “商籍” 地位变迁
明代 鹽商子弟 兩淮運學 “商籍” 地位變遷
명대 염상자제 량회운학 “상적” 지위변천
the Ming Dynasty; Liang Huai; children of salt merchants; imperial privilege to salt merchant; salt school
明中叶以降,两淮盐商子弟遭遇异地科考困境。为此,两淮山陕籍盐商、徽籍盐商合力多次通过盐场官员奏请创建盐场运学来解决这个问题,虽一再被朝廷否决,但终于万历十三年以山陕籍盐商子弟可凭＂商籍＂异地科考而获部分解决。未沾优惠的徽籍盐商被迫继续向明朝廷吁请创建运学,但因此举已不符实力强大的山陕籍盐商利益而遭遇掣肘,最终两淮运学即使在得到崇祯皇帝允可情况下仍不免创建未果。明代两淮运学倡设始末反映出两淮盐商在实力和地位上的两方面变化：一是明中叶以降,两淮盐商因整体实力的增强而使其政治地位逐渐得到提升,最终促使明廷出台举措解决其子弟异地科考问题;一是明代淮扬地区的盐商界是由山陕商人为主导的,尽管万历以后徽籍盐商实力大增,呈超越山陕籍盐商之势,但是,即便至明末山陕籍盐商在地位上仍不亚于徽籍盐商。
明中葉以降,兩淮鹽商子弟遭遇異地科攷睏境。為此,兩淮山陝籍鹽商、徽籍鹽商閤力多次通過鹽場官員奏請創建鹽場運學來解決這箇問題,雖一再被朝廷否決,但終于萬歷十三年以山陝籍鹽商子弟可憑＂商籍＂異地科攷而穫部分解決。未霑優惠的徽籍鹽商被迫繼續嚮明朝廷籲請創建運學,但因此舉已不符實力彊大的山陝籍鹽商利益而遭遇掣肘,最終兩淮運學即使在得到崇禎皇帝允可情況下仍不免創建未果。明代兩淮運學倡設始末反映齣兩淮鹽商在實力和地位上的兩方麵變化：一是明中葉以降,兩淮鹽商因整體實力的增彊而使其政治地位逐漸得到提升,最終促使明廷齣檯舉措解決其子弟異地科攷問題;一是明代淮颺地區的鹽商界是由山陝商人為主導的,儘管萬歷以後徽籍鹽商實力大增,呈超越山陝籍鹽商之勢,但是,即便至明末山陝籍鹽商在地位上仍不亞于徽籍鹽商。
명중협이강,량회염상자제조우이지과고곤경。위차,량회산협적염상、휘적염상합력다차통과염장관원주청창건염장운학래해결저개문제,수일재피조정부결,단종우만력십삼년이산협적염상자제가빙＂상적＂이지과고이획부분해결。미첨우혜적휘적염상피박계속향명조정우청창건운학,단인차거이불부실력강대적산협적염상이익이조우체주,최종량회운학즉사재득도숭정황제윤가정황하잉불면창건미과。명대량회운학창설시말반영출량회염상재실력화지위상적량방면변화：일시명중협이강,량회염상인정체실력적증강이사기정치지위축점득도제승,최종촉사명정출태거조해결기자제이지과고문제;일시명대회양지구적염상계시유산협상인위주도적,진관만력이후휘적염상실력대증,정초월산협적염상지세,단시,즉편지명말산협적염상재지위상잉불아우휘적염상。
Along with the serious waiting salt phenomenon and the change of salt laws,the number of liang huai salt merchants in Yangzhou area increased sharply,the remote education problems of merchants＇ children created. Lianghuai Salt merchants tried to set up salt school according Hedong salt shool,they successively expressed this wish through the high salt officials in the Hongzhi thirteen years,Jiajing twenty- eight years,Chongzhen five years and Chongzhen sixteen years,but the results failed. For taking care of salt merchants,the Ming ruler implemented a system in Wanli thirteen years. This is a compromise that the children of salt merchants get the imperial privilege. This system not only solved the problem of education,but also saved a huge amount of funds and avoided the cumbersome procedures for running the school. It got into effect immediately. However,it only gave the benefit to the children of salt merchants form Shanxi,exclude the children of salt merchants form Huizhou. Thereafter,salt merchants form Huizhou still committed to set up the salt school. Salt merchants form Shanxi bitterly disagreed because it no longer met their interests. Finally it still aborted,even geting the emperor＇s permission. It reflected from one side the complex relationship among salt merchants,salt official and ruler. Moreover,it reflect the changes in strength between salt merchants form Shanxi and salt merchants form Huizhou.
