CAJ | 학술논문

通过认识旧木里藏区社会的个案,揭示有无＂私有＂对政教合一统治的特别作用。＂喇嘛王国＂曾是清代民国木里的概括,喇嘛不能组建家庭,＂无私有＂是构建当地政教合一统治的凭借。大喇嘛兼土司是旧木里的最高统治者,土司由清朝册封、权力由中央政府授予;喇嘛是维系其统治的阶层,大喇嘛只是他们的首领,为了稳定,他也不能组建家庭。分析＂土司政权的行政区域＂、＂土司衙门的职官＂及＂三大寺职官＂三表,可知土司兼大喇嘛是以寺庙、僧人为基础实行政教合一统治;特殊的婚姻限制及传承规定,使得＂无私有＂的大喇嘛统治得到延续。20世纪初,清朝终结,环境变化,影响木里的传统统治;重要的是因＂私有＂的引诱,大喇嘛及个别喇嘛为有家庭而还俗,经营庄园,＂庄子＂（农奴）服役,占有并增加私产。＂庄子＂分化＂百姓＂,影响喇嘛;＂私有制＂损害土司兼大喇嘛的权威,极大加重＂百姓＂的负担,建筑在＂无私有＂的喇嘛统治逐步走向终结,印证了家庭、私有,导致统治的改变。
통과인식구목리장구사회적개안,게시유무＂사유＂대정교합일통치적특별작용。＂나마왕국＂증시청대민국목리적개괄,나마불능조건가정,＂무사유＂시구건당지정교합일통치적빙차。대나마겸토사시구목리적최고통치자,토사유청조책봉、권력유중앙정부수여;나마시유계기통치적계층,대나마지시타문적수령,위료은정,타야불능조건가정。분석＂토사정권적행정구역＂、＂토사아문적직관＂급＂삼대사직관＂삼표,가지토사겸대나마시이사묘、승인위기출실행정교합일통치;특수적혼인한제급전승규정,사득＂무사유＂적대나마통치득도연속。20세기초,청조종결,배경변화,영향목리적전통통치;중요적시인＂사유＂적인유,대나마급개별나마위유가정이환속,경영장완,＂장자＂（농노）복역,점유병증가사산。＂장자＂분화＂백성＂,영향나마;＂사유제＂손해토사겸대나마적권위,겁대가중＂백성＂적부담,건축재＂무사유＂적나마통치축보주향종결,인증료가정、사유,도치통치적개변。
Muli,located in the southwest of Sichuan province, is a multi- ethnic enclave where Tibetans are the main residents. Historically,Muli was called the＂Muli Lama Kingdom ＂（ simply called the ＂Muli Kingdom＂）. This title summarizes the characteristics of Muli＇s ruling system —namely that Tibetan Buddhism occupied the dominant ruling position and its role was powerful;the position of Tusi（ the native official） and other key administrative positions were held by lamas and- politics and religion were unified. In addition,during two to three hundred years of history,the Great Lamas held the position of Tusi,and ruled the area with the support of lamas and the temple hierarchy. Although there was aggression from the outside, there was no inside fighting.Succession was orderly. In contrast,this phenomena was very rare in other Tibetan areas,therefore,it is worth while to research this phenomenon.In recent years, although scholarly circles have done a lot of research on the politics,economics and ethnicity of Muli,few studies have focused on the characteristics of the Tusi＇s rule,or the structural factors leading to the stability or decline of the Tusi system in Muli. Based on related data,this article will explore the structural factors for the system＇s stability,and explain the reasons through analyzing the structure, succession and characteristics of the Tusi system in Muli. It concludes that private ownership played an important role in its decline,but its decline was also an inevitable result of social progress.1. The origin and development of＂Great Lama- Tusi Rule＂During the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty,the Gelug sect flourished in Muli,and Wa＇erzhai（ Wacing） monastery was built. In the thirteenth year of the Wanli period（ 1585）,a boy from the＂Bar Family＂from Baidiaokeda Village of Muli,was recognized as the reincarnation of Quejie ·Songzanjiacuo（ Qoigyi Sang- gyi）,and named as Jiangyang Sangbu（ Jiangyang Rongbu）. In the fifth year of Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty（ 1648）,Jiangyang Rongbu organized a meeting in Wa＇erzhi monastery,and announced that he was the second generation Living Buddha（ tulku） as well as the first generation Great Lama of the monastery. He also announced that he was the highest ruler of the region,and responsible for managing local political and religious affairs. Moreover,he claimed that future Great Lamas must come from the Bar family. In the thirteen year of Shunzhi（ 1656）,Jiangyang Rongbu was murdered,and his nephew from Bar family became his successor.This emphasized again the inheritance of the position from within the Bar family. Later,Living Buddhas（ tulku） would generally not appear within Bar family,only Great Lamas would be born in the Bar family. Henceforth,the positions of Living Buddhas（ tulku） and Great Lamas separated： the former was the religious leader of Muli and responsible for managing religious affairs and conducting important activities,while the latter,was not only responsible for managing the various temples,butalso for controlling local administrative affairs—and,hence,was the highest ruler. In the seventh year of Yongzheng（ 1729）,the Qing government granted the sixth generation of the Muli Great Lamas the title of Anfusi（ pacification commissioner）who was subordinate to Yanyuan county. Since then,Great Lama also held the position of Tusi.The Great Lama＇s court administration also played the role of Tusi＇s official court; and politics and religion were unified as one. In the seventh year of Tongzhi（ 1868）,the thirteenth generation Great Lama was promoted from Anfusi to Xuanweisi（ highest rank of tusi）,and thus was listed as one of the nine Great Tusi of Yanyuan.2. The characteristics of Great Lama- Tusi in Muli1） Playing the role of Great Lama as well as of Tusi,combining the politics and religion together,and strictly controlling society.Taking Wa＇erzhai Monastery as the center,Jiangyang Rongbu constructed a tripartite ruling structure which involved the Great Lama,Living Buddha（ tulku）,and tutou. In this a ruling system was constructed that unified politics and religion-i. e. a theocracy. The Great Lama,learning from the ＂Three Big Monasteries ＂structure in Lhasa,established three big monasteries in Muli. These were the Muli monastery,Kangwu（ Kulu） monastery and Wa＇er（ Wacing） monastery. The three big monasteries had their own land. Under the three big monasteries,there were 18 temples; and the18 temples managed their own administrative villages. Hence,a management network in which the Tusi managed the monasteries, the monasteries controlled the temples,the temples managed the villages,and the villages managed the public,was set up.2） The lama and ＂common people＂（ drungpa） supported the rule of the Tusi（ Great Lama）According to the rules,the highest positions in educational or administrative institutes,and the heads of administrative villages were held by lamas. The lamas were involved in managing politi-cal affairs,and the monks supported and maintained the rule of the Tusi. In Muli,the lamas came from the ＂common people＂（ drongpa）. The so- called ＂common people＂referred to those who were granted a piece of land,and could work in the administrative court or join the army of Tusi（ Great Lama）. ＂Common people ＂ were the＂highest rank＂among the four classes of people ruled in Muli. Lamas came from them,therefore,the attitude of lamas influenced their ideology. If the lamas supported the Tusi（ Great Lama）,then it meant that the ＂common people＂also supported the Tusi（ Great Lama）.3） Special marriage brought sustainable inheritance,and avoided ＂internal conflicts＂Great Lama（ Tusi） were not allowed to marry and bear children. Therefore,when a Tusi passed away,a new Tusi must be found from within the Bar family. The Bar family was the source family for the Great Lama. They had noble status; and neither the men nor women from the family practiced matrilocal or patrilocal residence. From the view of the public, the sons of the aunts（ the sisters of the father） were taken as brothers,and the sons of the sisters were taken as the nephews—all of them were eligible to inherit the position of Great Lama（ Tusi）. This kind of arrangement avoided the dispersion of the power,and avoided the intervention of the Great Lama＇s ＂father＂family or the consort clan into politics. Moreover,it ensured that the system of the Great Lama（ Tusi） would not end due to the lack of descendants.4）. The decline and end of the Rule of the Tusi During the 20 th century, dramatic social changes influenced the once secluded Muli area.The Great Lama（ Tusi） could no longer continue to insulate himself and guard a corner independently anymore,but had to face a complicated outside world. Due to external and internal factors,the Great Lama- Tusi system with its unification of political and religious powers,was frequently damaged and gradually weakened. In order to maintainhis rule,the Great Lama（ Tusi） undertook a variety of means to extort excessive taxes and levies,collect funds,purchase weapons,and force the＂common people＂to buy guns and participate in the army. The target for extorting excessive taxes and levies was the ＂common people ＂. In Muli,＂common people＂were the people who worked for the government,and were also the source of lamas- they were the base for maintaining the rule of the Tusi. When this ＂base＂was shaken,the rule of the Great Lama- Tusi was influenced,their rule gradually declined,and,at last,ended. Moreover,one of the results of the bankruptcy of the＂common people＇s＂was the increase of ＂zhuangzi＂. The so- called ＂zhuangzi＂referred to those slaves who worked in the manors for the slave owners. ＂Zhuangzi ＂were a source of increasing the wealth of the slave owners,they brought glory for their hosts and increased their private property.＂Private ownership＂corrupted the ＂public ownership＂,hence,the ruling structure which took the Great Lama as its core was gradually destroyed.In sum,the research indicates that the implemen