学术月刊
學術月刊
학술월간
Academic Monthly
2015年
5期
101~107
,共null页
美苏关系 相互确保摧毁 抵消战略 “Able Archer 83”事件
美囌關繫 相互確保摧燬 牴消戰略 “Able Archer 83”事件
미소관계 상호학보최훼 저소전략 “Able Archer 83”사건
US-Soviet relations, mutual assured destruction, the countervailing strategy, Able Archer 83
从20世纪60年代初到冷战结束,美苏两个超级大国一直处于“相互确保摧毁”的核均势中,这也是国际关系学界认为自古巴导弹危机后冷战整体上趋于缓和的原因。然而事实上,美国曾在此期间做出过重新确立自身核优势的一次努力,即从1980年到1983年制定并推行的一项极具进攻性的核战略——“抵消战略”。不过,该战略非但没有使美国达到威慑苏联的目的,反而使苏联陷入紧张,并导致美苏关系在80年代初急剧恶化。1983年底,北约在这一战略指导下进行的代号为“Able Archer 83”的核军事演习,更是险些使高度恐慌的苏联“先发制人”,引爆美苏核战争。该事件成为冷战史上最具危险性的一个片段。此后,里根政府在短时间内迅速扭转了“抵消战略”,回归到维持核均势的防御性轨道中,从而为80年代中后期美苏关系的缓和及冷战的和平终结奠定了基础。
從20世紀60年代初到冷戰結束,美囌兩箇超級大國一直處于“相互確保摧燬”的覈均勢中,這也是國際關繫學界認為自古巴導彈危機後冷戰整體上趨于緩和的原因。然而事實上,美國曾在此期間做齣過重新確立自身覈優勢的一次努力,即從1980年到1983年製定併推行的一項極具進攻性的覈戰略——“牴消戰略”。不過,該戰略非但沒有使美國達到威懾囌聯的目的,反而使囌聯陷入緊張,併導緻美囌關繫在80年代初急劇噁化。1983年底,北約在這一戰略指導下進行的代號為“Able Archer 83”的覈軍事縯習,更是險些使高度恐慌的囌聯“先髮製人”,引爆美囌覈戰爭。該事件成為冷戰史上最具危險性的一箇片段。此後,裏根政府在短時間內迅速扭轉瞭“牴消戰略”,迴歸到維持覈均勢的防禦性軌道中,從而為80年代中後期美囌關繫的緩和及冷戰的和平終結奠定瞭基礎。
종20세기60년대초도랭전결속,미소량개초급대국일직처우“상호학보최훼”적핵균세중,저야시국제관계학계인위자고파도탄위궤후랭전정체상추우완화적원인。연이사실상,미국증재차기간주출과중신학립자신핵우세적일차노력,즉종1980년도1983년제정병추행적일항겁구진공성적핵전략——“저소전략”。불과,해전략비단몰유사미국체도위섭소련적목적,반이사소련함입긴장,병도치미소관계재80년대초급극악화。1983년저,북약재저일전략지도하진행적대호위“Able Archer 83”적핵군사연습,경시험사사고도공황적소련“선발제인”,인폭미소핵전쟁。해사건성위랭전사상최구위험성적일개편단。차후,리근정부재단시간내신속뉴전료“저소전략”,회귀도유지핵균세적방어성궤도중,종이위80년대중후기미소관계적완화급랭전적화평종결전정료기출。
The United States and the Soviet Union were under Mutual Assured Destruction from the 1960s to the end of the Cold War. Against such a backdrop, the Soviet Union, by exploiting its advantage of conventional forces, expanded extensively during the 1970s, posing much geopolitical pressure on America. Consequently, from the Carter Administration, the United States began to formulate and implement a more positive nuclear strategy named Countervailing Strategy, in order to intensify deterrence on USSR. After Reagan took office, this strategy was fully developed, including the invention of the Strategic Defense Initiative. However, it also made the US-Soviet relations in the beginning of 1980s much more strained and in November 1983, Able Archer 83 nuclear military exercise conducted by NATO, almost made the already hyper Soviets launch a first strike on the West. Interestingly, this incident also became a turning point in US-Soviet relations and US nuclear strategy. The Reagan Administration not only abruptly reversed the Countervailing Strategy, returning to the more defensive choice before Carter, but began to talk sincerely with the Soviets on strategic arms control.
