CAJ | 학술논문

清华简《说命》下篇述商王大戊之事,与《尚书》诸篇所载周人对“殷先哲王”的叙述相类似,而与《史记·殷本纪》称某“宗”的叙述距离较远。在殷墟卜辞里,大戊是“六大示”之一,并未被冠以“中宗”的称号。将先祖冠以“某宗”名号之事源于春秋战国时代。《史记·殷本纪》突出大戊的功勋美德,称其为殷“中宗”。自西汉末年开始,又将大戊列为“殷三宗”之一。从殷商甲骨卜辞到秦汉文献记载,我们可以比较清楚地看到“宗”之观念的变化。“宗”在商代仅为宗庙之称,西周中期以后“宗族”之义渐多,春秋战国时期出现了“主也”“尊也”等抽象意义。《说命》篇对于商王的大戊的称述为推断此篇的撰著时代提供了一个旁证。
청화간《설명》하편술상왕대무지사,여《상서》제편소재주인대“은선철왕”적서술상유사,이여《사기·은본기》칭모“종”적서술거리교원。재은허복사리,대무시“륙대시”지일,병미피관이“중종”적칭호。장선조관이“모종”명호지사원우춘추전국시대。《사기·은본기》돌출대무적공훈미덕,칭기위은“중종”。자서한말년개시,우장대무렬위“은삼종”지일。종은상갑골복사도진한문헌기재,아문가이비교청초지간도“종”지관념적변화。“종”재상대부위종묘지칭,서주중기이후“종족”지의점다,춘추전국시기출현료“주야”“존야”등추상의의。《설명》편대우상왕적대무적칭술위추단차편적찬저시대제공료일개방증。
The second part of Discourse of Destiny in bamboo slips collected in Tsinghua University tells a story about the big quadripod of the King of Shang, somewhat like the same story of Zhou Dynasty people＇s narration of the Shang Dynasty wise kings in Shang Shu, but quite different from the definition of zong （ancestor） by Sima Qian in his Historical Records. We can clearly observe that the concept of zong has been changed from inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones of the Shang Dynasty to the literatures of Qin and Han Dynasties. The meaning of zong in Shang Dynasty only refers to ancestral temple. Since mid-Zhou Dynasty it is most referred to patriarchal clan. In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, it has got abstract meanings like ＂the king＂, ＂the respected＂, and etc. The naming of the big quadripod of the King of Shang has provided a collateral evidence for the time of writing of Discourse of Destiny.