CAJ | 학술논문

本文旨在探讨1949年以来国家元首制在中国宪法上的呈现方式与跌宕变迁，并借助韦伯的支配社会学和一般意义上的政体类型学，解释新中国的宪法更迭与宪法危机。元首制问题在新中国宪法史上主要表现为国家主席问题，其核心是如何将卡里斯玛式的革命领袖转化为宪法体制上的国家元首，以及政体类型学上的法权安排。从1949年体制中的“委员会制下的主席身份”到“五四宪法”中的二元政体结构，制宪者试图将韦伯意义上的卡里斯玛和官僚制结合起来，但这一不稳定的结构使得卡里斯玛可以轻易地废除官僚体制，从而演变成“七五宪法”和“七八宪法”中的卡里斯玛一元体制。在后卡里斯玛时代，国家元首制在“八二宪法”中经历了从分权制到“三位一体”的不成文宪法变迁，最终以宪法惯例的方式稳定下来。国家元首问题是贯穿历次宪法危机的主线，需要历史主义的梳理和规范主义的分析。
본문지재탐토1949년이래국가원수제재중국헌법상적정현방식여질탕변천，병차조위백적지배사회학화일반의의상적정체류형학，해석신중국적헌법경질여헌법위궤。원수제문제재신중국헌법사상주요표현위국가주석문제，기핵심시여하장잡리사마식적혁명령수전화위헌법체제상적국가원수，이급정체류형학상적법권안배。종1949년체제중적“위원회제하적주석신빈”도“오사헌법”중적이원정체결구，제헌자시도장위백의의상적잡리사마화관료제결합기래，단저일불은정적결구사득잡리사마가이경역지폐제관료체제，종이연변성“칠오헌법”화“칠팔헌법”중적잡리사마일원체제。재후잡리사마시대，국가원수제재“팔이헌법”중경력료종분권제도“삼위일체”적불성문헌법변천，최종이헌법관례적방식은정하래。국가원수문제시관천력차헌법위궤적주선，수요역사주의적소리화규범주의적분석。
This article explores the construction and transformation of the constitutional institutionof head of state inthe aftermath of the establishment of the People＇s Republic of China, andexplains the PRC ＂s constitutional change and crisis in light of Max Weber＇s social theory and regime typology. It addresses the crucial questions that whether the Chinese Chairman is the head of state, and how the charismatic revolutionary leader was configured asa head of state of the constitutional regime. The change from ＇pres ident under committee~ in the 1949 system to the dual regime on the 1954 Constitution, constituent de- signers tried to combine the Weberian Charismawiththe operational bureaucracy. However, the Charisma couldabolish the bureaucracy with no difficulty in this unstable structure, which would evolve into the to- talitarianism of Charisma on the 1975 Constitution and that next to it. Since the end of the Charisma peri- od, the system of head of state has undergone an unwritten constitutional change from decentralization to the centralized “trinity”,and a new constitutional convention emerged. The institution of head of state is the key factor in PRC＇s constitutional crises, which is in need of both historical and normative analysis.