CAJ | 학술논문

前人研究发现相对于中性刺激花，没有经验的婴幼儿会对威胁性刺激蛇产生更快的觉察反应。研究选取4-6岁幼儿和成人被试，改进了刺激材料呈现范式和线画的刺激材料，采用3x3刺激矩阵呈现的方式，利用眼动仪记录被试的视觉搜索过程，探索威胁性刺激蛇是否被更快注意定向、作为干扰刺激的蛇是否同样能被更快觉察，以及蛇的特殊外形是否在快速觉察中具有重要作用。实验1发现，相对于目标物花，成人和幼儿对蛇的首次注视到达时间更短，注视到目标前的注视点个数更少，首次注视的时间更短。实验2采用线画的方式去除了刺激材料的色彩和纹理，只保留了蛇蜿蜒的外形，结果发现儿童和成人仍然以更短的注视到达时间、更少注视次数注意到蛇，对蛇的首次注视时间更短。此外，对干扰物分析发现，蛇作为干扰物（花为目标物）仍然表现出更快注意定向。两个实验对比发现，被试对彩色、真实蛇的注视快于线画的蛇。结论认为，即使是对蛇具有较少经验的幼儿，也表现出了对蛇的快速注意偏向；蛇的色彩和纹理会促进蛇的快速觉察；蛇的低水平知觉特征（蜿蜒外形）确实对蛇的注意觉察具有重要作用。
전인연구발현상대우중성자격화，몰유경험적영유인회대위협성자격사산생경쾌적각찰반응。연구선취4-6세유인화성인피시，개진료자격재료정현범식화선화적자격재료，채용3x3자격구진정현적방식，이용안동의기록피시적시각수색과정，탐색위협성자격사시부피경쾌주의정향、작위간우자격적사시부동양능피경쾌각찰，이급사적특수외형시부재쾌속각찰중구유중요작용。실험1발현，상대우목표물화，성인화유인대사적수차주시도체시간경단，주시도목표전적주시점개수경소，수차주시적시간경단。실험2채용선화적방식거제료자격재료적색채화문리，지보류료사완연적외형，결과발현인동화성인잉연이경단적주시도체시간、경소주시차수주의도사，대사적수차주시시간경단。차외，대간우물분석발현，사작위간우물（화위목표물）잉연표현출경쾌주의정향。량개실험대비발현，피시대채색、진실사적주시쾌우선화적사。결론인위，즉사시대사구유교소경험적유인，야표현출료대사적쾌속주의편향；사적색채화문리회촉진사적쾌속각찰；사적저수평지각특정（완연외형）학실대사적주의각찰구유중요작용。
Previous research shows that preschool children detect snakes quickly than non-threating stimuli （e.g. flowers）. In this study, we used eye tracking technology to provide direct evidences about the superior detection about threat-relevant stimuli. Two experiments were designed to testify whether the snakes would be fixated faster and quickly by preschool children and adults. In addition, we also used line drawing snakes and flowers as stimuli to control the shape of snakes and to testify the perceptual template hypothesis. In experiment 1, sixteen 4- to 6-year-old preschool children and 22 undergraduates were recruited as participants. A revised 3 x3 matrices of color photographs of threat-relevant （snakes） and threat-irrelevant 〈br〉（flowers） stimuli were presented to both preschool children and adults. All participants were asked to find the threat target （snake） among seven non-threat distractors （flowers） and vice versa. Sixteen matrices with 8 pictures （1 target and 7 distractors） were presented to the participants. We changed the standard visual search task that did not present stimuli in the middle of the 3 x 3 matrices to control the central location effect and make the procedure appropriate for eye tracking calibration. It’s a 2 （age： children, adults）x 2 （target： snake, flower） mixed design, and age was the between subject variable. In experiment 2, we improved the stimuli with line drawings to pop out the continuous curvilinear contour of snakes. The design, presentation method was the same as experiment 1. In two experiments, Tobii T120 Eye tracker was used to record the viewing behaviors of adults and children. The results of experiment 1 indicated that both the preschool children and adults fixated snakes faster and with less fixation counts than flowers, and their first fixation duration was shorter on snakes than flowers. Adults performed faster fixation, much less fixation counts than children. As distractors （flower was target）, snakes were also fixated quickly than flowers （snake was target）. In experiment 2, the same results were found that both children and adults located line drawing snakes quicker than line drawing flowers. And the first fixation duration to snakes were much shorter than flowers. Adults still fixated faster than children. For the snakes as distractors, we found the same results as experiment 1. Compared to the fixations of the line drawing snakes without color and pattern in experiment 2, real and colorful snakes in experiment 1 were fixated faster. The real and colorful snakes were detected faster and with less fixation counts before they were located as distractors. In conclusion, even preschool children who have little snake experience also show faster attention orienting and shorter attention holding. Based on the eye movements evidences, the continuous curvilinear shape plays an important role in the snake relevant threat detection. The eye fixations of line drawing snakes provide direct evidence to the perceptual template theory. To be a special reptile, the color, patterns can boost the quick detection.