天津体育学院学报
天津體育學院學報
천진체육학원학보
Journal of Tianjin Institute of Physical Education
2015年
1期
58~65
,共null页
运动训练 竞技能力 非线性系统 特征 模型 演化 控制
運動訓練 競技能力 非線性繫統 特徵 模型 縯化 控製
운동훈련 경기능력 비선성계통 특정 모형 연화 공제
sports training; competitive ability; nonlinear system
运动员竞技能力系统是复杂的非线性系统,线性只是其非线性的简化.在竞技能力系统内外性质各异的因素相互联系、相互作用,纵横交错,多输入、多输出、多变量、多参数、多干扰表现出强烈的非线性.以复杂性科学为研究方法论,着重应用非线性系统理论与方法对竞技能力非线性的特征、行为及其演化进行揭示,初步形成竞技能力非线性系统的理论模型,在此基础上推演其训练控制方法,拓展运动训练科学研究的新视野和新路径.结论:竞技能力作为非线性系统,其主要表现为饱和型、指数型、U型、S型、间隙型、不灵敏区型和时滞型等非线性行为;具有不满足叠加原理、对初始条件的敏感性、临界效应、分叉样性、突变性等非线性特征;竞技能力系统的非线性演化则是从稳态—不稳定状态—新的稳定状态—新的不稳定状态……循环往复的过程,遵循约束原理、非平衡稳态原理、波动原理和非线性协同原理等;对于竞技能力非线性系统的控制方法则主要改变系统的初态条件、终态条件、边界条件、系统时间、空间结构和应用系统的波动特征、临界性特征等;须遵循整体与局部控制相结合、非线性与线性控制相结合、定量与定性控制相结合和自组织控制等原则.
運動員競技能力繫統是複雜的非線性繫統,線性隻是其非線性的簡化.在競技能力繫統內外性質各異的因素相互聯繫、相互作用,縱橫交錯,多輸入、多輸齣、多變量、多參數、多榦擾錶現齣彊烈的非線性.以複雜性科學為研究方法論,著重應用非線性繫統理論與方法對競技能力非線性的特徵、行為及其縯化進行揭示,初步形成競技能力非線性繫統的理論模型,在此基礎上推縯其訓練控製方法,拓展運動訓練科學研究的新視野和新路徑.結論:競技能力作為非線性繫統,其主要錶現為飽和型、指數型、U型、S型、間隙型、不靈敏區型和時滯型等非線性行為;具有不滿足疊加原理、對初始條件的敏感性、臨界效應、分扠樣性、突變性等非線性特徵;競技能力繫統的非線性縯化則是從穩態—不穩定狀態—新的穩定狀態—新的不穩定狀態……循環往複的過程,遵循約束原理、非平衡穩態原理、波動原理和非線性協同原理等;對于競技能力非線性繫統的控製方法則主要改變繫統的初態條件、終態條件、邊界條件、繫統時間、空間結構和應用繫統的波動特徵、臨界性特徵等;鬚遵循整體與跼部控製相結閤、非線性與線性控製相結閤、定量與定性控製相結閤和自組織控製等原則.
운동원경기능력계통시복잡적비선성계통,선성지시기비선성적간화.재경기능력계통내외성질각이적인소상호련계、상호작용,종횡교착,다수입、다수출、다변량、다삼수、다간우표현출강렬적비선성.이복잡성과학위연구방법론,착중응용비선성계통이론여방법대경기능력비선성적특정、행위급기연화진행게시,초보형성경기능력비선성계통적이론모형,재차기출상추연기훈련공제방법,탁전운동훈련과학연구적신시야화신로경.결론:경기능력작위비선성계통,기주요표현위포화형、지수형、U형、S형、간극형、불령민구형화시체형등비선성행위;구유불만족첩가원리、대초시조건적민감성、림계효응、분차양성、돌변성등비선성특정;경기능력계통적비선성연화칙시종은태—불은정상태—신적은정상태—신적불은정상태……순배왕복적과정,준순약속원리、비평형은태원리、파동원리화비선성협동원리등;대우경기능력비선성계통적공제방법칙주요개변계통적초태조건、종태조건、변계조건、계통시간、공간결구화응용계통적파동특정、림계성특정등;수준순정체여국부공제상결합、비선성여선성공제상결합、정량여정성공제상결합화자조직공제등원칙.
Athletic ability system is a complex nonlinear system. In competitive ability system, different nature of the internal and external factors interrelat- ed, with interacted, crisscross, multiple input and multiple output, variables, parameters and shows strong nonlinear interference. Based on the study of com- plex system science, focusing on the application of nonlinear system theory, the paper forms the theoretical model of the competitive ability nonlinear system of revealing its characteristics, behavior, and evolution and deduces of the competitive ability of nonlinear system control method, expanding of research new vision and paths. The conclusions are as following: Competitive ability is a nonlinear system with the characteristics of not satisfied superposition principle, sensitivity to initial conditions, the critical effect, bifurcate sample catastrophe, and shows nonlinear behaviors of exponential, U-shaped, S-type, space-based, nonsensitive zone and time-delay etc. Competitive ability system evolves from the steady state, instability, a new stable state, to a new instabil- ity following the principle of constraint, nonequilibrium steady state and wave and nonlinear cooperative. The control method of its nonlinear systems is to change the system's initial state conditions, the final state conditions, boundary conditions, the volatihty characteristics of the system time, space, structure and application of the system, the critical characteristics and other methods. In addition, you must follow the whole and partial control, combining the nonlin- ear and linear control, the combination of quantitative and qualitative control combination and self-organizing control principle.