CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】研究日本松干蚧各龄期在我国3个气候区的发生时间、形态特征、生活习性及天敌昆虫，为有效监测日本松干蚧发育和种群动态、确定最佳的防治时期提供依据。【方法】根据日本松干蚧在我国的分布现状，选择辽宁省抚顺市( LNFS)、山东省青岛市( SDQD)和浙江省金华市( ZJJH)作为3个气候区的代表，于2011—2013年，在日本松干蚧危害的林区布点，采用野外连续调查和室内显微镜检相结合的方法进行研究。【结果】1)日本松干蚧在3个气候区1年都发生2代，以1龄寄生若虫越冬，但各虫态的发育历期明显不同，ZJJH 种群3月上旬开始出蛰，SDQD 和 LNFS种群4月下旬—5月上旬才出蛰，LNFS 种群在10月份进入越冬期，而 ZJJH 种群在12月才开始越冬。2)日本松干蚧雌雄两性在不同发育阶段具有不同的形态特征和泌蜡特点，初孵化的1龄若虫具有发达的触角和足，虫体表面未分泌蜡质；1龄若虫固定寄生后，开始分泌白色蜡丝，隐蔽于树皮缝隙下；2龄若虫的触角、眼和足均消失，虫体表面具有薄的蜡质层，称“珠形期”；春季2龄若虫大量取食后，虫体膨大部分暴露，可见虫体表面蜡质，为“显露期”；雄性3龄若虫具有发达的触角和足，初期爬行灵活，寻找化蛹场所，随后虫体表面的蜡腺分泌白色蜡丝，形成蜡茧；在蜡茧内经历预蛹和蛹期2个阶段；雄成虫头部具有1对长的触角和1对复眼，胸部具1对前翅，后翅退化为平衡棒，腹部的第7腹节背面有成簇的柱状管腺分泌白色的长蜡丝，腹部末端具交配器；雌成虫与3龄雄若虫形态相似，但胸部和腹部肥大；雌成虫初期体表泌蜡不明显，交尾后，分泌蜡丝形成卵囊。3)日本松干蚧的天敌昆虫已记录14科59种，其中半翅目的花蝽科、脉翅目的草蛉科和鞘翅目的瓢虫科是主要类群。【结论】本研究首次系统描述了日本松干蚧各龄期的发育过程和形态特征变化，特别是2龄若虫珠形期和显露期的特点，3龄雄若虫分泌蜡丝、结茧和化蛹过程，雄成虫的羽化、求偶和交配行为，雌成虫的分泌卵囊和产卵行为；日本松干蚧各虫态在3个气候区发育历期不同，出蛰和越冬时间不同，是由当地气温变化决定的；春季2龄若虫显露期到雄性3龄若虫和雌成虫的活动期是防治的关键期；天敌活动春季以瓢虫为主，夏季和秋季以花蝽和草蛉为主。【目的】研究日本鬆榦蚧各齡期在我國3箇氣候區的髮生時間、形態特徵、生活習性及天敵昆蟲，為有效鑑測日本鬆榦蚧髮育和種群動態、確定最佳的防治時期提供依據。【方法】根據日本鬆榦蚧在我國的分佈現狀，選擇遼寧省撫順市( LNFS)、山東省青島市( SDQD)和浙江省金華市( ZJJH)作為3箇氣候區的代錶，于2011—2013年，在日本鬆榦蚧危害的林區佈點，採用野外連續調查和室內顯微鏡檢相結閤的方法進行研究。【結果】1)日本鬆榦蚧在3箇氣候區1年都髮生2代，以1齡寄生若蟲越鼕，但各蟲態的髮育歷期明顯不同，ZJJH 種群3月上旬開始齣蟄，SDQD 和 LNFS種群4月下旬—5月上旬纔齣蟄，LNFS 種群在10月份進入越鼕期，而 ZJJH 種群在12月纔開始越鼕。2)日本鬆榦蚧雌雄兩性在不同髮育階段具有不同的形態特徵和泌蠟特點，初孵化的1齡若蟲具有髮達的觸角和足，蟲體錶麵未分泌蠟質；1齡若蟲固定寄生後，開始分泌白色蠟絲，隱蔽于樹皮縫隙下；2齡若蟲的觸角、眼和足均消失，蟲體錶麵具有薄的蠟質層，稱“珠形期”；春季2齡若蟲大量取食後，蟲體膨大部分暴露，可見蟲體錶麵蠟質，為“顯露期”；雄性3齡若蟲具有髮達的觸角和足，初期爬行靈活，尋找化蛹場所，隨後蟲體錶麵的蠟腺分泌白色蠟絲，形成蠟繭；在蠟繭內經歷預蛹和蛹期2箇階段；雄成蟲頭部具有1對長的觸角和1對複眼，胸部具1對前翅，後翅退化為平衡棒，腹部的第7腹節揹麵有成簇的柱狀管腺分泌白色的長蠟絲，腹部末耑具交配器；雌成蟲與3齡雄若蟲形態相似，但胸部和腹部肥大；雌成蟲初期體錶泌蠟不明顯，交尾後，分泌蠟絲形成卵囊。3)日本鬆榦蚧的天敵昆蟲已記錄14科59種，其中半翅目的花蝽科、脈翅目的草蛉科和鞘翅目的瓢蟲科是主要類群。【結論】本研究首次繫統描述瞭日本鬆榦蚧各齡期的髮育過程和形態特徵變化，特彆是2齡若蟲珠形期和顯露期的特點，3齡雄若蟲分泌蠟絲、結繭和化蛹過程，雄成蟲的羽化、求偶和交配行為，雌成蟲的分泌卵囊和產卵行為；日本鬆榦蚧各蟲態在3箇氣候區髮育歷期不同，齣蟄和越鼕時間不同，是由噹地氣溫變化決定的；春季2齡若蟲顯露期到雄性3齡若蟲和雌成蟲的活動期是防治的關鍵期；天敵活動春季以瓢蟲為主，夏季和鞦季以花蝽和草蛉為主。
【목적】연구일본송간개각령기재아국3개기후구적발생시간、형태특정、생활습성급천활곤충，위유효감측일본송간개발육화충군동태、학정최가적방치시기제공의거。【방법】근거일본송간개재아국적분포현상，선택요녕성무순시( LNFS)、산동성청도시( SDQD)화절강성금화시( ZJJH)작위3개기후구적대표，우2011—2013년，재일본송간개위해적림구포점，채용야외련속조사화실내현미경검상결합적방법진행연구。【결과】1)일본송간개재3개기후구1년도발생2대，이1령기생약충월동，단각충태적발육력기명현불동，ZJJH 충군3월상순개시출칩，SDQD 화 LNFS충군4월하순—5월상순재출칩，LNFS 충군재10월빈진입월동기，이 ZJJH 충군재12월재개시월동。2)일본송간개자웅량성재불동발육계단구유불동적형태특정화비사특점，초부화적1령약충구유발체적촉각화족，충체표면미분비사질；1령약충고정기생후，개시분비백색사사，은폐우수피봉극하；2령약충적촉각、안화족균소실，충체표면구유박적사질층，칭“주형기”；춘계2령약충대량취식후，충체팽대부분폭로，가견충체표면사질，위“현로기”；웅성3령약충구유발체적촉각화족，초기파행령활，심조화용장소，수후충체표면적사선분비백색사사，형성사충；재사충내경력예용화용기2개계단；웅성충두부구유1대장적촉각화1대복안，흉부구1대전시，후시퇴화위평형봉，복부적제7복절배면유성족적주상관선분비백색적장사사，복부말단구교배기；자성충여3령웅약충형태상사，단흉부화복부비대；자성충초기체표비사불명현，교미후，분비사사형성란낭。3)일본송간개적천활곤충이기록14과59충，기중반시목적화춘과、맥시목적초령과화초시목적표충과시주요류군。【결론】본연구수차계통묘술료일본송간개각령기적발육과정화형태특정변화，특별시2령약충주형기화현로기적특점，3령웅약충분비사사、결충화화용과정，웅성충적우화、구우화교배행위，자성충적분비란낭화산란행위；일본송간개각충태재3개기후구발육력기불동，출칩화월동시간불동，시유당지기온변화결정적；춘계2령약충현로기도웅성3령약충화자성충적활동기시방치적관건기；천활활동춘계이표충위주，하계화추계이화춘화초령위주。
Objective] The Japanese pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae ( Kuwana ) ( Homoptera:Matsucoccidae) ,is an important invasive species and a destructive pest of pine forests in China. In this paper,the occurrence time, morphological characteristics, living habits and natural enemies of M. matsumurae at different developmental stages in three climatic regions in China were investigated to provide a basis for well monitoring the development and population dynamics, and determining the most appropriate control period. [Method] Three representative climate zones associated with the distribution status of M. matsumurae in China were chosen,i. e. Jinhua in Zhejiang Province ( ZJJH ) ,Qingdao in Shandong Province ( SDQD ) and Fushun in Liaoning Province ( LNFS ) . The sampling sites were set in the forests infested by M. matsumurae. Continuous surveys in the forest and microscopic examination in a laboratory were conducted from 2011 to 2013. [Result]1) M. matsumurae reproduced two generations a year in the three climatic zones and overwintered at the 1 st-instar nymph period,but their developmental durations in the three climatic zones were different. In ZJJH,the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in early March,while,the post-hibernation nymphs emerged in late April or early May in SDQD and LNFS. The populations of LNFS began to overwinter in October,but the populations of ZJJH did not overwinter until December. These differences were related to the local temperature. 2) The morphological and wax secretion characteristic of the females and males of M. matsumurae were varied at different developmental stages. Newly hatched 1 st-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs,but did not secret wax substance on their surface. After settling under the bark crack,the 1st-instar nymphs began to secrete white wax substances on their surface. The 2 nd-instar nymphs without antennae,eyes and legs were called“pearl-shape stage”. After a period of feeding in spring,the insect body became enlarged and exposed to outside of the bark. The insects with white wax secretions were easily visible and were called“patent period”. The 3 rd-instar nymphs possessed developed antennae and legs,and could crawl freely to search for pupation place. Then the nymphs secreted white wax filaments from the wax glands on the body surface to form wax cocoon. In the wax cocoon,the insects underwent two stages,prepupa and pupa. The male adults had a pair of antennae and compound eyes on head,and a pair of fore wings,while the hind wings degraded into poisers at thorax. There was a cluster of long wax filaments secreted from a group of columnar tubular ducts at the tergum of abdominal segment VII,and a copulatory organ at the posterior of the abdomen. The female adults were similar to the 3 rd-instar nymph in morphology,but their thorax and abdomen were larger. At the initial stage,the female adults were not covered by obvious wax secretion,after mating,they secreted wax filaments to form egg sacs. 3 ) There were 59 species in 14 families of the predators of M. matsumurae listed in China,of which,Anthocoridae in Hemiptera, Chrysopidae in Neuroptera and Coccinellidae in Coleoptera were preponderant.[Conclusion]The present study described the developmental process and morphological changes of M. matsumurae in all instars,especially,the characteristics of the pearl-shape stage and patent period of the 2 nd-instar nymphs,wax filament secretion,cocoon construction and pupation of the male 3rd-instar nymphs,eclosion,courtship and mating behavior of the male adults,egg sac formation and oviposition of the female adults. It was found that the developmental duration of each stage of M. matsumurae in the three climatic regions was different. The time for post-hibernant and overwintering varied dependent on the local temperature changes. The critical period for controlling the insect is from the emergence period of the 2 nd-instar nymphs to the active period of the male 3rd-instar nymphs and the female adults. The preponderant natural enemies of M. matsumurae were lady beetles in spring,and flower bugs and lacewing flies in summer and autumn.