林业科学
林業科學
임업과학
Scientia Silvae Sinicae
2015年
7期
9-20
,共12页
王会霞%王彦辉%杨佳%谢滨泽%石辉
王會霞%王彥輝%楊佳%謝濱澤%石輝
왕회하%왕언휘%양가%사빈택%석휘
城市森林%绿化树种%空气质量%PM2.5等颗粒物%叶面积指数%叶面滞留
城市森林%綠化樹種%空氣質量%PM2.5等顆粒物%葉麵積指數%葉麵滯留
성시삼림%녹화수충%공기질량%PM2.5등과립물%협면적지수%협면체류
urban forest%greening species%air quality%particulate matter and its size fractions%leaf area index%leaf retention of particulate matter
【目的】研究不同绿化树种在单位叶面积、单叶、单株和单位绿地面积4级层次上对空气中PM2.5等颗粒物的滞留量，为优化城市绿化植物配置、降低空气中 PM2.5等颗粒物污染危害提供科学依据。【方法】以北京市23种常见绿化植物为研究对象，经水洗、不同孔径滤膜过滤后用万分之一天平称量不同孔径滤膜上滞留的颗粒物质量，用扫描仪测出叶单面面积，计算出单位叶面积 PM2.5等颗粒物(总颗粒物 PM 及其 PM2.5、PM ＞2.5的粒径组成)滞留量。用单叶面积、叶面积指数计算单叶、单株和单位绿化面积上叶片 PM2.5等颗粒物滞留量。采用多重比较分析不同植物 PM2.5等颗粒物滞留量的差异。【结果】单位叶面积的 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5滞留量在植物种间差异显著，最大差别分别可达8.6，9.8，10.5倍。各植物种的单叶、单株和单位绿地面积的 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5滞留量亦表现出显著差异。在单叶层次，对 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5的滞留量差别可分别达到239，198，285倍；在单株层次，可达3600，4100，3600倍；在单位绿地面积层次，可达18.3，20.5，18.1倍。不同生活型植物的单位叶面积、单叶、单株和单位绿地面积的 PM，PM2.5和 PM ＞2.5滞留量总体趋势表现为乔木＞藤本＞灌木。对不同叶习性而言，单位叶面积的 PM，PM2.5和 PM ＞2.5滞留量为常绿植物＞落叶植物，而在单叶、单株和单位绿地面积层次上则为落叶植物＞常绿植物。在单位绿地面积层次上，对 PM2.5等颗粒物的滞留量较高的树种有二球悬铃木、垂柳、元宝枫、榆树等，中等的有油松、雪松、大叶黄杨等，较弱的有日本小檗、黄杨、小叶女贞等。【结论】不同植物 PM2.5等颗粒物滞留量在单位叶面积、单叶、单株和单位绿地面积4级层次上均表现出显著差异。由于植物滞留 PM2.5等颗粒物的数量取决于单位叶面积 PM2.5等颗粒物滞留量及其叶面积指数，因此在选择高滞留 PM2.5等颗粒物的树种时需同时考虑这2个因素，尤其是将不同生活型和具不同叶习性的植物合理混交配置，从而提高叶面积指数和滞留 PM2.5等颗粒物能力，这是增强城市森林降低空气中 PM2.5等颗粒物污染的有效途径。
【目的】研究不同綠化樹種在單位葉麵積、單葉、單株和單位綠地麵積4級層次上對空氣中PM2.5等顆粒物的滯留量，為優化城市綠化植物配置、降低空氣中 PM2.5等顆粒物汙染危害提供科學依據。【方法】以北京市23種常見綠化植物為研究對象，經水洗、不同孔徑濾膜過濾後用萬分之一天平稱量不同孔徑濾膜上滯留的顆粒物質量，用掃描儀測齣葉單麵麵積，計算齣單位葉麵積 PM2.5等顆粒物(總顆粒物 PM 及其 PM2.5、PM ＞2.5的粒徑組成)滯留量。用單葉麵積、葉麵積指數計算單葉、單株和單位綠化麵積上葉片 PM2.5等顆粒物滯留量。採用多重比較分析不同植物 PM2.5等顆粒物滯留量的差異。【結果】單位葉麵積的 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5滯留量在植物種間差異顯著，最大差彆分彆可達8.6，9.8，10.5倍。各植物種的單葉、單株和單位綠地麵積的 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5滯留量亦錶現齣顯著差異。在單葉層次，對 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5的滯留量差彆可分彆達到239，198，285倍；在單株層次，可達3600，4100，3600倍；在單位綠地麵積層次，可達18.3，20.5，18.1倍。不同生活型植物的單位葉麵積、單葉、單株和單位綠地麵積的 PM，PM2.5和 PM ＞2.5滯留量總體趨勢錶現為喬木＞籐本＞灌木。對不同葉習性而言，單位葉麵積的 PM，PM2.5和 PM ＞2.5滯留量為常綠植物＞落葉植物，而在單葉、單株和單位綠地麵積層次上則為落葉植物＞常綠植物。在單位綠地麵積層次上，對 PM2.5等顆粒物的滯留量較高的樹種有二毬懸鈴木、垂柳、元寶楓、榆樹等，中等的有油鬆、雪鬆、大葉黃楊等，較弱的有日本小檗、黃楊、小葉女貞等。【結論】不同植物 PM2.5等顆粒物滯留量在單位葉麵積、單葉、單株和單位綠地麵積4級層次上均錶現齣顯著差異。由于植物滯留 PM2.5等顆粒物的數量取決于單位葉麵積 PM2.5等顆粒物滯留量及其葉麵積指數，因此在選擇高滯留 PM2.5等顆粒物的樹種時需同時攷慮這2箇因素，尤其是將不同生活型和具不同葉習性的植物閤理混交配置，從而提高葉麵積指數和滯留 PM2.5等顆粒物能力，這是增彊城市森林降低空氣中 PM2.5等顆粒物汙染的有效途徑。
【목적】연구불동녹화수충재단위협면적、단협、단주화단위록지면적4급층차상대공기중PM2.5등과립물적체류량，위우화성시녹화식물배치、강저공기중 PM2.5등과립물오염위해제공과학의거。【방법】이북경시23충상견녹화식물위연구대상，경수세、불동공경려막과려후용만분지일천평칭량불동공경려막상체류적과립물질량，용소묘의측출협단면면적，계산출단위협면적 PM2.5등과립물(총과립물 PM 급기 PM2.5、PM ＞2.5적립경조성)체류량。용단협면적、협면적지수계산단협、단주화단위녹화면적상협편 PM2.5등과립물체류량。채용다중비교분석불동식물 PM2.5등과립물체류량적차이。【결과】단위협면적적 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5체류량재식물충간차이현저，최대차별분별가체8.6，9.8，10.5배。각식물충적단협、단주화단위록지면적적 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5체류량역표현출현저차이。재단협층차，대 PM，PM2.5，PM ＞2.5적체류량차별가분별체도239，198，285배；재단주층차，가체3600，4100，3600배；재단위록지면적층차，가체18.3，20.5，18.1배。불동생활형식물적단위협면적、단협、단주화단위록지면적적 PM，PM2.5화 PM ＞2.5체류량총체추세표현위교목＞등본＞관목。대불동협습성이언，단위협면적적 PM，PM2.5화 PM ＞2.5체류량위상록식물＞락협식물，이재단협、단주화단위록지면적층차상칙위락협식물＞상록식물。재단위록지면적층차상，대 PM2.5등과립물적체류량교고적수충유이구현령목、수류、원보풍、유수등，중등적유유송、설송、대협황양등，교약적유일본소벽、황양、소협녀정등。【결론】불동식물 PM2.5등과립물체류량재단위협면적、단협、단주화단위록지면적4급층차상균표현출현저차이。유우식물체류 PM2.5등과립물적수량취결우단위협면적 PM2.5등과립물체류량급기협면적지수，인차재선택고체류 PM2.5등과립물적수충시수동시고필저2개인소，우기시장불동생활형화구불동협습성적식물합리혼교배치，종이제고협면적지수화체류 PM2.5등과립물능력，저시증강성시삼림강저공기중 PM2.5등과립물오염적유효도경。
[Objective]Selection of plant species with strong ability to retain pollutants of particulate matters ( PM) and its size fractions and suitable for local conditions should be chosen to ensure greening policy be designed to reduce PM pollution. In this study,the amounts of PM and its size fractions ( PM2. 5 ,PM >2. 5 ) captured by leaves of twenty-three plant species on the basis of per unit leaf area,per leaf,per plant and per unit green area in the region of Beijing were investigated to find out the appropriate species. [Methods]The amounts of PM ( PM2. 5 ,PM >2. 5 ) captured by leaves of twenty-three plant species were examined in this study. The collected leaf samples were washed using a brush with ultrapure water ( ELGA,Buckinghamshire,UK) and then filtered through two types of membranes ( w1 ) with pore sizes of 2. 5 and 0. 1 μm,respectively. Then the membrane with PM (w2) was weighed using balance with an accuracy of 0. 1 mg (SI-114,Denver Instrument,USA) after dried at 40 ℃ for 24 h. The total hemi-surface leaf area (S) was measured using Image J software (Version 1. 46; National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD,USA) after scanning (HP Scanjet 3570c,Japan). The PM (PM2.5 and PM >2.5) retention amounts were calculated as (w2 -w1)/S. The PM (PM2.5 and PM >2. 5 ) retention amounts per leaf,per tree and per unit green area were calculated based on the PM ( PM2. 5 and PM >2. 5 ) retention amount per unit leaf area,single leaf area,and leaf area index ( LAI) . Data were subjected to ANOVA with multiple comparisons by using SPSS 19 (IBM,USA),with a level of significance at P < 0. 05.[Results]Leaf PM, PM2.5 and PM >2.5 per unit leaf area differed among species,by 8. 6,9. 8,and 10. 5 folds,respectively. Leaf PM,PM2.5 and PM >2. 5 on the basis of per leaf,per plant and per unit green area also showed significant differences among species. The maximum difference reached up to 239,198,and 285 (per leaf);3 600,4 100 and 3 600 (per plant);18. 3,20. 5 and 18. 1 (per unit green area) folds. In general,the PM,PM2.5 and PM >2.5retention amounts of different life form was in the order of tree > liana > shrub. For the species with different leaf habit,the evergreen species had a higher PM,PM2.5 and PM >2.5 retention amount per unit leaf area than that of deciduous species. However,the PM,PM2.5 and PM >2.5 retention amounts on the basis of per leaf,per plant and per unit green area were on the contrary. Platanus acerifolia, Salix babylonica,Acer truncatum,and Ulmus pumila were efficient species in capturing PM and its size fractions. Pinus tabulaeformis ,Cedrus deodara and Buxus megistophylla had a medium ability to accumulate PM and its size fractions. Less efficient species were Berberis thunbergii,Buxus sinica,Ligustrum quihoui.[Conclusions]The amounts of PM and its size fractions captured by leaves on the basis of per unit leaf area,per leaf,per plant and per unit green area all showed significant differences among species. The ranking presented in terms of capturing PM and its size fractions can be used to select species for atmospheric PM pollution removal in the region of Beijing. Since the quantity of PM and its size fractions captured by leaves depends on the PM and its size fractions retention amount per unit leaf area and leaf area index, efficient plant species and plant configuration designs considering different life form and leaf habit can be used to decrease human exposure to the pollutants.
