CAJ | 학술논문

文字、金属器、城市曾长期被视为文明的“三要素”。关于何为“文明”，学界是有不同观点和认识的。不过，就“国家是文明社会的概括”这一点而言学界有更多认同。红山文化晚期具有“高级技术能力”；农业在当时具有非常重要的地位；社会分工明显；社会分化和分层最典型的实证是牛河梁坛庙冢遗址；红山文化晚期已经出现了权力阶层和社会管理体系；红山文化时期形成了发达的祭祀礼仪或巫术仪式，这种仪式主要是为沟通天人关系、人神关系，它是后世礼制的源头而非礼制本身，三代的礼制是由原始社会的祭祀礼仪演变而来的。
문자、금속기、성시증장기피시위문명적“삼요소”。관우하위“문명”，학계시유불동관점화인식적。불과，취“국가시문명사회적개괄”저일점이언학계유경다인동。홍산문화만기구유“고급기술능력”；농업재당시구유비상중요적지위；사회분공명현；사회분화화분층최전형적실증시우하량단묘총유지；홍산문화만기이경출현료권력계층화사회관리체계；홍산문화시기형성료발체적제사례의혹무술의식，저충의식주요시위구통천인관계、인신관계，타시후세례제적원두이비례제본신，삼대적례제시유원시사회적제사례의연변이래적。
Words、metal works、city had long been regarded as the "three elements" of civilization. About what is "civi-lization", academic circles have different views and understanding. However, the academic have more identify with this view-point "the state is a generalization of a civilized society". The Hongshan culture in the late has "senior technical ability"; A-griculture has very important position at the time; Social division of labor evidence; The social differentiation and stratification is the most typical empirical Niuheliang altar temple burial site; Hongshan culture in the late has emerged power elite and social management system; Period of Hongshan culture has formed developed sacrifice etiquette or magic ceremony, the cere-mony is mainly for communication heaven-man relationship , the relationship between the people and God, it is the origin of etiquette, future generations rather than a ritual itself, the three generations of ritual evolved from primitive society sacrifice etiquette.