中华临床医师杂志(电子版)
中華臨床醫師雜誌(電子版)
중화림상의사잡지(전자판)
Chinese Journal of Clinicians (Electronic Edition)
2015年
17期
3156-3160
,共5页
肾疾病%肾功能衰竭,慢性%肾小球滤过率%透析指征%时机
腎疾病%腎功能衰竭,慢性%腎小毬濾過率%透析指徵%時機
신질병%신공능쇠갈,만성%신소구려과솔%투석지정%시궤
Kidney diseases%Kidney failure,chronic%Glomerular filtration rate%Dialysis indication%Timing
终末期肾脏病(ESRD)患者通常会出现明显的临床症状。ESRD患者何时开始透析治疗是非常重要的问题。透析时机需要结合患者临床症状及肾小球滤过率(GFR)进行个体化的综合判断。ESRD患者出现尿毒症性心包炎或浆膜炎、尿毒症脑病和难治性的容量负荷过重等临床症状是开始透析治疗的绝对指征。肾功能下降至何种程度开始透析治疗,目前并无定论。近几十年国际上出现了对ESRD患者早期开始透析治疗的趋势。然而,观察性的研究发现早期开始透析的患者并未受益,相反,早期透析治疗加重了患者及其家庭以及整个卫生保健系统的负担。唯一一项前瞻性随机对照临床试验IDEAL研究发现,早期[GFR 10~14 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]或晚期[GFR 5~7 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]开始透析的患者在死亡率、生活质量等方面没有明显差异。根据现有证据,建议使用“意向性延迟”的策略指导透析时机的选择;不建议单独使用基于肌酐的估计GFR指导开始透析的时机,必须结合患者临床症状;单纯的营养状况下降及传统高风险人群(如糖尿病患者)无需早期透析治疗。
終末期腎髒病(ESRD)患者通常會齣現明顯的臨床癥狀。ESRD患者何時開始透析治療是非常重要的問題。透析時機需要結閤患者臨床癥狀及腎小毬濾過率(GFR)進行箇體化的綜閤判斷。ESRD患者齣現尿毒癥性心包炎或漿膜炎、尿毒癥腦病和難治性的容量負荷過重等臨床癥狀是開始透析治療的絕對指徵。腎功能下降至何種程度開始透析治療,目前併無定論。近幾十年國際上齣現瞭對ESRD患者早期開始透析治療的趨勢。然而,觀察性的研究髮現早期開始透析的患者併未受益,相反,早期透析治療加重瞭患者及其傢庭以及整箇衛生保健繫統的負擔。唯一一項前瞻性隨機對照臨床試驗IDEAL研究髮現,早期[GFR 10~14 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]或晚期[GFR 5~7 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]開始透析的患者在死亡率、生活質量等方麵沒有明顯差異。根據現有證據,建議使用“意嚮性延遲”的策略指導透析時機的選擇;不建議單獨使用基于肌酐的估計GFR指導開始透析的時機,必鬚結閤患者臨床癥狀;單純的營養狀況下降及傳統高風險人群(如糖尿病患者)無需早期透析治療。
종말기신장병(ESRD)환자통상회출현명현적림상증상。ESRD환자하시개시투석치료시비상중요적문제。투석시궤수요결합환자림상증상급신소구려과솔(GFR)진행개체화적종합판단。ESRD환자출현뇨독증성심포염혹장막염、뇨독증뇌병화난치성적용량부하과중등림상증상시개시투석치료적절대지정。신공능하강지하충정도개시투석치료,목전병무정론。근궤십년국제상출현료대ESRD환자조기개시투석치료적추세。연이,관찰성적연구발현조기개시투석적환자병미수익,상반,조기투석치료가중료환자급기가정이급정개위생보건계통적부담。유일일항전첨성수궤대조림상시험IDEAL연구발현,조기[GFR 10~14 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]혹만기[GFR 5~7 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]개시투석적환자재사망솔、생활질량등방면몰유명현차이。근거현유증거,건의사용“의향성연지”적책략지도투석시궤적선택;불건의단독사용기우기항적고계GFR지도개시투석적시궤,필수결합환자림상증상;단순적영양상황하강급전통고풍험인군(여당뇨병환자)무수조기투석치료。
Patient with end stage renal disease (ESRD) usually presents overt clinical symptoms. The optimal time to initiatingdialysis in ESRD patients is addressed as the most important dialysis-related question. The timing of dialysis therapy should be individualized by the combination of clinical symptoms and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Uremic pericarditis or pleuritis, encephalopathy, and refractory volume overload are the absolute indications for dialysis in ESRD patients. There is no minimum estimated GFR that provides an absolute indication to begin dialysis. There is a strong trend to early dialysis initiation for ESRD patients over the past decades. However, observational data found that early initiation seemed to produce no benefit but additional burden to patients and the health care system. The IDEAL study, the only prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) research on this issue, found that there was no significant difference between early [GFR 10-14 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1] and late [GFR 5-7 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1] dialysis starters on mortality and quality of life. Based on current evidence, we recommend the intent-to-defer strategy to guide dialysis initiation and do not recommend to start dialysis using estimated GFR as an indication in the absence of symptoms. We do not recommend early initiating dialysis for patients with only declined nutritional status and for traditional high risk population (eg. diabetic patients).