CAJ | 학술논문

上网电价补贴( FIT)与绿色能源组合标准( RPS)是目前针对可再生能源实施的两类主要支持政策。对于二者政策效果的比较、特别是在非竞争性电力市场中二者政策效果的扭曲,是理论和政策研究关注的热点问题。本文通过构建由传统火力发电企业和绿色能源发电企业两类主体构成的部分均衡模型,比较了不完全竞争的电力市场中,可再生能源上网电价补贴制度与可再生能源组合标准对可再生能源发电总量和份额的影响。结果表明,在寡头垄断的电力市场中,FIT政策比RPS政策更能有效促进可再生能源发电总量和比重的上升。模型中RPS政策下的均衡电价高于FIT政策的情况,导致对绿色能源的需求下降。对欧盟2004-2011年面板数据的分析表明FIT政策对风力发电总量有显著促进作用,而RPS政策有助于提高可再生能源在总能源使用中的比重。其背后的机制是尽管RPS导致较高的电价、降低能源需求,但仍然能促进可再生能源需求的相对提高。电力市场垄断对风力发电量有负面影响,但并不能证明这一影响是通过可再生能源政策实现的。电力市场规模、技术等控制变量也对可再生能源使用有一定影响。在门限面板模型中,当电力市场垄断程度指数大于0.35时,即一国最大电力企业市场份额达到三分之一以上,垄断对风力发电的负面影响更大。
상망전개보첩( FIT)여록색능원조합표준( RPS)시목전침대가재생능원실시적량류주요지지정책。대우이자정책효과적비교、특별시재비경쟁성전력시장중이자정책효과적뉴곡,시이론화정책연구관주적열점문제。본문통과구건유전통화력발전기업화록색능원발전기업량류주체구성적부분균형모형,비교료불완전경쟁적전력시장중,가재생능원상망전개보첩제도여가재생능원조합표준대가재생능원발전총량화빈액적영향。결과표명,재과두롱단적전력시장중,FIT정책비RPS정책경능유효촉진가재생능원발전총량화비중적상승。모형중RPS정책하적균형전개고우FIT정책적정황,도치대록색능원적수구하강。대구맹2004-2011년면판수거적분석표명FIT정책대풍력발전총량유현저촉진작용,이RPS정책유조우제고가재생능원재총능원사용중적비중。기배후적궤제시진관RPS도치교고적전개、강저능원수구,단잉연능촉진가재생능원수구적상대제고。전력시장롱단대풍력발전량유부면영향,단병불능증명저일영향시통과가재생능원정책실현적。전력시장규모、기술등공제변량야대가재생능원사용유일정영향。재문한면판모형중,당전력시장롱단정도지수대우0.35시,즉일국최대전력기업시장빈액체도삼분지일이상,롱단대풍력발전적부면영향경대。
Feed-in Tariff and Renewable Portfolio Standard are the most widely adopted policies to promote development of renewable energy. The comparison of effectiveness of the two policies is the focus for theoretical and political study in the environmental economics area, especially when there is distortion caused by monopoly power in the electricity market. In this paper, we compare the difference between Feed-in Tariff policy and Renewable Portfolio Standard policy in promoting the use of green electricity generated from wind in an incomplete competitive electricity market through the analysis of a partial equilibrium model in which there are two kinds of electricity plants specializing in traditional electricity generation and green energy generation respectively. It is found that, in a duopoly competitive market, the FIT policy tends to be more effective in promoting green electricity generation than the RPS policy, since the latter leads to higher electricity price, thus reducing market demand for the green energy. The empirical test of the EU panel data from 2004 to 2011 shows that the FIT policy boosts the amount of electricity generated from wind significantly, while the RPS policy increases the share of renewable energy use in the EU with no significant effect on the amount of green electricity generation. The basic mechanism behind this is that although RPS leads to higher electricity price and lower electricity demand, it increases the share of green electricity consumption. Monopoly of the electricity market is proved to have a negative effect on wind electricity generation. Other control variables like electricity market size, technology and other renewable energy policies also have influence on the wind electricity generation as predicted. In a threshold panel data model, the paper finds that when the degree of monopoly in the electricity market is higher than 35%, which implies that the largest electricity firm in the country grabs more than one third of the market share, monopoly has a more significant negative impact on the green electricity generation.