林业科学
林業科學
임업과학
Scientia Silvae Sinicae
2015年
9期
78-89
,共12页
苏化龙%李八斤%姚勇%唐阳%张勇%果洛·周杰%王延明%加悟才让%王英
囌化龍%李八斤%姚勇%唐暘%張勇%果洛·週傑%王延明%加悟纔讓%王英
소화룡%리팔근%요용%당양%장용%과락·주걸%왕연명%가오재양%왕영
胡兀鹫%青藏高原%领域面积%种群密度%种群结构变化
鬍兀鷲%青藏高原%領域麵積%種群密度%種群結構變化
호올취%청장고원%영역면적%충군밀도%충군결구변화
Bearded Vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus)%Tibetan Plateau%territorial area%population density%variation in population structure
研究青藏高原胡兀鹫的繁殖成功率、种群现状、种群变化趋势和致危因素，为制定和实施合理有效的保护措施提供参考。【方法】主要调查时间为2010—2013年以及1991—1993年。调查区域包括西藏的昌都、林芝、那曲和拉萨地区，四川的甘孜和阿坝自治州，青海的海北、海西、果洛和玉树自治州以及甘肃的甘南自治州。在这些区域中的7个胡兀鹫繁殖地，对某些繁殖巢进行日活动行为观察，以确定其繁殖参数。繁殖成功率依据2010年冬季至2013年秋季观察的繁殖巢中离巢出飞的幼鸟数量确定。由于缺乏对大范围面积(超过1万 km2)内准确繁殖对数目的调查数据，仅能以繁殖对之间的繁殖巢间距来换算其领域面积。种群结构大多情况下采用路线统计法(截线法)调查记录，少数情况下在动物尸体附近进行观察。将胡兀鹫划归为3～4个年龄组：幼体(＜3年龄)，未成熟体(3～4年龄)，亚成体(4～6年龄)和成体(＞6年龄)。针对胡兀鹫种群结构的观察记录工作分别在1992年的4月—1993年2月下旬(合计48天)和2010年12月初—2012年10月下旬(合计103天)进行。繁殖种群数量评估，参照文献报道的高山兀鹫种群数量，以同期(2010年冬季至2012年底)调查的胡兀鹫繁殖巢数量与高山兀鹫繁殖巢的数量进行对比，其比值乘以高山兀鹫种群数量，以此估算胡兀鹫的繁殖对数量。【结果】胡兀鹫产卵期为12月上旬—1月末(12月7日—1月28日，n=4)，孵化期为55～61天(n =3)，窝卵数平均为1.86枚(n=14)，测量3枚卵的平均长和宽为84.4(83.1～88.3)mm 和68.03(67.0～70.0)mm。繁殖成功率为81.82%(2010年—2012年，n=22)。巢址分布海拔为2600～4575 m。在具有代表性的繁殖地内，繁殖对之间距离平均为35.84 km(25.10～47.3 km)，领域平均面积为1284.51 km2(630.01～2237.29 km2)。20年来(1990年以来)种群结构变动为：胡兀鹫幼体数量比例从30.17%(n=116)降低到16.67%(n=96)。估算青藏高原250万 km2面积的胡兀鹫种群数量不超过1410个繁殖对。【结论】初步确定胡兀鹫的致危因素超过10个。人类社会的现代化进程、各种基础工程设施的建立，尤其是边远荒僻区域居民生活方式的改变是影响胡兀鹫繁殖成功率和种群稳定性的重要因素。
研究青藏高原鬍兀鷲的繁殖成功率、種群現狀、種群變化趨勢和緻危因素，為製定和實施閤理有效的保護措施提供參攷。【方法】主要調查時間為2010—2013年以及1991—1993年。調查區域包括西藏的昌都、林芝、那麯和拉薩地區，四川的甘孜和阿壩自治州，青海的海北、海西、果洛和玉樹自治州以及甘肅的甘南自治州。在這些區域中的7箇鬍兀鷲繁殖地，對某些繁殖巢進行日活動行為觀察，以確定其繁殖參數。繁殖成功率依據2010年鼕季至2013年鞦季觀察的繁殖巢中離巢齣飛的幼鳥數量確定。由于缺乏對大範圍麵積(超過1萬 km2)內準確繁殖對數目的調查數據，僅能以繁殖對之間的繁殖巢間距來換算其領域麵積。種群結構大多情況下採用路線統計法(截線法)調查記錄，少數情況下在動物尸體附近進行觀察。將鬍兀鷲劃歸為3～4箇年齡組：幼體(＜3年齡)，未成熟體(3～4年齡)，亞成體(4～6年齡)和成體(＞6年齡)。針對鬍兀鷲種群結構的觀察記錄工作分彆在1992年的4月—1993年2月下旬(閤計48天)和2010年12月初—2012年10月下旬(閤計103天)進行。繁殖種群數量評估，參照文獻報道的高山兀鷲種群數量，以同期(2010年鼕季至2012年底)調查的鬍兀鷲繁殖巢數量與高山兀鷲繁殖巢的數量進行對比，其比值乘以高山兀鷲種群數量，以此估算鬍兀鷲的繁殖對數量。【結果】鬍兀鷲產卵期為12月上旬—1月末(12月7日—1月28日，n=4)，孵化期為55～61天(n =3)，窩卵數平均為1.86枚(n=14)，測量3枚卵的平均長和寬為84.4(83.1～88.3)mm 和68.03(67.0～70.0)mm。繁殖成功率為81.82%(2010年—2012年，n=22)。巢阯分佈海拔為2600～4575 m。在具有代錶性的繁殖地內，繁殖對之間距離平均為35.84 km(25.10～47.3 km)，領域平均麵積為1284.51 km2(630.01～2237.29 km2)。20年來(1990年以來)種群結構變動為：鬍兀鷲幼體數量比例從30.17%(n=116)降低到16.67%(n=96)。估算青藏高原250萬 km2麵積的鬍兀鷲種群數量不超過1410箇繁殖對。【結論】初步確定鬍兀鷲的緻危因素超過10箇。人類社會的現代化進程、各種基礎工程設施的建立，尤其是邊遠荒僻區域居民生活方式的改變是影響鬍兀鷲繁殖成功率和種群穩定性的重要因素。
연구청장고원호올취적번식성공솔、충군현상、충군변화추세화치위인소，위제정화실시합리유효적보호조시제공삼고。【방법】주요조사시간위2010—2013년이급1991—1993년。조사구역포괄서장적창도、림지、나곡화랍살지구，사천적감자화아패자치주，청해적해북、해서、과락화옥수자치주이급감숙적감남자치주。재저사구역중적7개호올취번식지，대모사번식소진행일활동행위관찰，이학정기번식삼수。번식성공솔의거2010년동계지2013년추계관찰적번식소중리소출비적유조수량학정。유우결핍대대범위면적(초과1만 km2)내준학번식대수목적조사수거，부능이번식대지간적번식소간거래환산기영역면적。충군결구대다정황하채용로선통계법(절선법)조사기록，소수정황하재동물시체부근진행관찰。장호올취화귀위3～4개년령조：유체(＜3년령)，미성숙체(3～4년령)，아성체(4～6년령)화성체(＞6년령)。침대호올취충군결구적관찰기록공작분별재1992년적4월—1993년2월하순(합계48천)화2010년12월초—2012년10월하순(합계103천)진행。번식충군수량평고，삼조문헌보도적고산올취충군수량，이동기(2010년동계지2012년저)조사적호올취번식소수량여고산올취번식소적수량진행대비，기비치승이고산올취충군수량，이차고산호올취적번식대수량。【결과】호올취산란기위12월상순—1월말(12월7일—1월28일，n=4)，부화기위55～61천(n =3)，와란수평균위1.86매(n=14)，측량3매란적평균장화관위84.4(83.1～88.3)mm 화68.03(67.0～70.0)mm。번식성공솔위81.82%(2010년—2012년，n=22)。소지분포해발위2600～4575 m。재구유대표성적번식지내，번식대지간거리평균위35.84 km(25.10～47.3 km)，영역평균면적위1284.51 km2(630.01～2237.29 km2)。20년래(1990년이래)충군결구변동위：호올취유체수량비례종30.17%(n=116)강저도16.67%(n=96)。고산청장고원250만 km2면적적호올취충군수량불초과1410개번식대。【결론】초보학정호올취적치위인소초과10개。인류사회적현대화진정、각충기출공정설시적건립，우기시변원황벽구역거민생활방식적개변시영향호올취번식성공솔화충군은정성적중요인소。
[Objective]Bearded Vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ) is listed as one of the first-grade national protected wildlife species in China,which means the population of Bearded Vulture is at the margin of extinction. Nevertheless, very little information has been published on the basic aspects,such as the reproductive ecology,population status and endangerment mechanism. For the sake of protection of this endangered species,it is necessary that systematic researches should be carried out on its reproductive ecology, the human disturbance impact on its population dynamics, the mechanism of endangerment,the negative factors from human and nature and its own defects of behaviors responding to the changes of environment. The objective of this study is to curb the tendency of endangerment of Bearded Vulture and other endangered species,and find the strategy to save the species from extinction in the wild.[Method]Study area:The survey was carried out in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1991 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2013 . The survey covers the work area includes the following:1) Changdu,Linzhi,Nagqu,Lhasa area of Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region; 2) Ganzi,Aba Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province; 3 ) Haibei,Haixi,Guoluo ( Golok ) and Yushu Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province;4)Gannan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province. In these areas,there are 7 breeding places of the Bearded Vulture to be found. Data collection:Observations of daily activity behavior were performed for some nests,in order to determine the reproductive parameters. The breeding success rate is based upon the number of young fledg/number of breeding pairs in the winter of 2010 to the autumn of 2013 . The data were not included in the uncertainty whether the young birds flew out of the nest. In view of the lack of investigation data with regard to the exact number of breeding pairs in a large enough area ( >10 000 km2 ) ,therefore,the territory area can be converted only by the distance between the nests of 2 -3 pairs in the suitable breeding habitat. As for population structure,survey data were collected by using transect investigations which mainly was conducted with motor vehicle,sometimes on horseback or on foot,and random observation samples ( mostly from vantage points with good views over the sampling areas, also including observation on the carcasses) . These investigations were conducted for 48 days from 1992 April to 1993 late February and 103 days from 2010 early December to 2012 late October,respectively. Each Bearded Vulture sighted was classified to one of four age classes: juvenile ( <3 years),immature (3 -4 years),sub-adult (4 -6 years) and adult ( >6 years). According to the total population size of the Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis that has been reported,the Bearded Vulture breeding nests were compared with breeding nests of the Himalayan Griffon at the same period ( from the end of 2010 to the end of 2012) to estimate the total breeding population size of this species.[Result]The results indicated that laying date of the Bearded Vulture began in early December and lasted until late January ( range from 7 December to 28 January,n = 4),and incubation period was 55 to 61 days (n = 3). Mean clutch size was 1. 86,and 85. 71% of nests contained two eggs (n = 14). The mean size of 3 eggs measured was 84. 4 (83. 1 -88. 3) mm in length and 68. 03 (67. 0 -70. 0) mm in width. Breeding success rate was 81. 82% (2010 -2012,n = 22). The altitude range of nest sites was from 2 600 m to 4 575 m. The average distance between the breeding pairs was 35. 84 km (25. 10 -47. 3 km),and territorial area was 1 284. 51 km2(630. 01 -2 237. 29 km2). The proportion of juveniles was reduced from 30. 17% (n= 116) to 16. 67% (n = 96) during the past 20 years,and the reduction rate was 44. 75%. The proportion of adults was increased from 61 . 21% to 70 . 83% ( since 1990 ) . Those results suggested that the reproductive success rate and population quality decreased obviously. According to the published literature data for the evaluation and analysis,we believe that the total population size of the Himalayan Griffon in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would be about 100 000 , therefore,the number of breeding pairs should be less than 50 000 ( if considering the non-breeding birds,the value would be reduced by at least 30%). When the research project was implemented during the 2012 to 2013,a total of 11 Bearded Vulture’s breeding nests and more than 390 Himalayan Griffon’s breeding nests were found. According to the proportion calculation,we estimated the population size of the Bearded Vulture was less than 1 410 breeding pairs in the plateau region ( about 2. 5 × 106 km2 ) .[Conclusion]It can be preliminarily determined that there would be more than 10 threaten factors to the Bearded Vulture. The modernization process of human society life,the establishment of various infrastructure projects,especially,people's lifestyles change in the remote mountainous area,would be important factors to affect the breeding success and population stability of the Bearded Vulture.
