植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science
2015年
5期
1190-1199
,共10页
李盟军%姚建武%王荣辉%曾招兵%宁建凤%艾绍英
李盟軍%姚建武%王榮輝%曾招兵%寧建鳳%艾紹英
리맹군%요건무%왕영휘%증초병%저건봉%애소영
氮素径流%有机无机配施%常年菜地%养分管理%流失系数
氮素徑流%有機無機配施%常年菜地%養分管理%流失繫數
담소경류%유궤무궤배시%상년채지%양분관리%류실계수
nitrogen runoff%combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers%perennial vegetable field%nutrition management%runoff coefficient
【目的】蔬菜生产超量施肥现象十分普遍,由此导致的面源污染问题日益严重。研究探讨常年菜地的合理施肥技术,明确蔬菜合理的氮肥投入阈值范围,从污染源头控制氮的迁移、流失,对于降低氮肥对水体的污染风险具有积极意义。【方法】本试验采用大田小区试验方法,设置不施肥对照和不同用量化肥配施有机肥处理( N0,化肥氮空白；CON,习惯施肥；OPT,优化施肥；OPT+N,优化增氮；OPT+P,优化增磷；OPT+NPK,优化增氮磷钾),研究了不同养分管理措施对常年菜地甘蓝—茄子—甘蓝轮作模式下蔬菜生长及氮素径流流失的影响。【结果】连续三茬、为期一年的蔬菜试验,共采集径流样品18次。整个试验期间,不同处理的菜地地表径流铵态氮浓度均低于2．0 mg/L的地表水V类水标准限值,且施肥对铵态氮的影响无明显规律性。地表径流硝态氮和总氮具有相似的浓度变化特征,浓度范围分别为0．0328．43 mg/L和1．0631．79 mg/L,硝态氮是土壤矿质氮流失的主要氮素形态。施氮不同程度增加总氮和硝态氮浓度,且化肥氮的作用尤为明显。几乎所有径流样品的总氮浓度均超过2．0 mg/L的地表水V类水的标准限值,OPT+NPK处理总氮浓度及硝态氮超标率均最高。对照处理的菜地总氮年流失负荷为30．8 kg/hm2,化肥氮空白处理与对照间无显著差异。其他有机无机肥配施处理中CON、OPT、OPT+N、OPT+P和OPT+NPK处理总氮年流失负荷分别为69．81、54．95、76．6、55．45和90．73 kg/hm2,分别较对照显著提高126．51%、78．29%、148．54%、79．92%和194．39%,且以OPT+NPK处理的流失负荷(90．73 kg/hm2)最高、OPT处理负荷较低(54．95 kg/hm2)。菜地施肥处理的氮肥流失系数在1．47%3．44%之间,总体随化肥氮用量增加而升高。施肥显著增加蔬菜产量,化肥氮空白处理的甘蓝和茄子产量较相应对照处理分别增加67．50%和114．20%,其他有机无机肥配施处理下两种蔬菜产量的增幅分别为5．15．5倍和4．55．9倍。相同有机肥用量条件下,施用氮、磷、钾化肥对蔬菜的增产作用明显,且以氮、磷、钾肥用量均最高的OPT+NPK处理的蔬菜产量增幅最大。【结论】从兼顾经济效益和环境效益角度出发,综合分析蔬菜产量、肥料投入成本及总氮流失负荷,优化施肥( OPT)处理可作为常年菜地推荐施肥技术方案。
【目的】蔬菜生產超量施肥現象十分普遍,由此導緻的麵源汙染問題日益嚴重。研究探討常年菜地的閤理施肥技術,明確蔬菜閤理的氮肥投入閾值範圍,從汙染源頭控製氮的遷移、流失,對于降低氮肥對水體的汙染風險具有積極意義。【方法】本試驗採用大田小區試驗方法,設置不施肥對照和不同用量化肥配施有機肥處理( N0,化肥氮空白；CON,習慣施肥；OPT,優化施肥；OPT+N,優化增氮；OPT+P,優化增燐；OPT+NPK,優化增氮燐鉀),研究瞭不同養分管理措施對常年菜地甘藍—茄子—甘藍輪作模式下蔬菜生長及氮素徑流流失的影響。【結果】連續三茬、為期一年的蔬菜試驗,共採集徑流樣品18次。整箇試驗期間,不同處理的菜地地錶徑流銨態氮濃度均低于2．0 mg/L的地錶水V類水標準限值,且施肥對銨態氮的影響無明顯規律性。地錶徑流硝態氮和總氮具有相似的濃度變化特徵,濃度範圍分彆為0．0328．43 mg/L和1．0631．79 mg/L,硝態氮是土壤礦質氮流失的主要氮素形態。施氮不同程度增加總氮和硝態氮濃度,且化肥氮的作用尤為明顯。幾乎所有徑流樣品的總氮濃度均超過2．0 mg/L的地錶水V類水的標準限值,OPT+NPK處理總氮濃度及硝態氮超標率均最高。對照處理的菜地總氮年流失負荷為30．8 kg/hm2,化肥氮空白處理與對照間無顯著差異。其他有機無機肥配施處理中CON、OPT、OPT+N、OPT+P和OPT+NPK處理總氮年流失負荷分彆為69．81、54．95、76．6、55．45和90．73 kg/hm2,分彆較對照顯著提高126．51%、78．29%、148．54%、79．92%和194．39%,且以OPT+NPK處理的流失負荷(90．73 kg/hm2)最高、OPT處理負荷較低(54．95 kg/hm2)。菜地施肥處理的氮肥流失繫數在1．47%3．44%之間,總體隨化肥氮用量增加而升高。施肥顯著增加蔬菜產量,化肥氮空白處理的甘藍和茄子產量較相應對照處理分彆增加67．50%和114．20%,其他有機無機肥配施處理下兩種蔬菜產量的增幅分彆為5．15．5倍和4．55．9倍。相同有機肥用量條件下,施用氮、燐、鉀化肥對蔬菜的增產作用明顯,且以氮、燐、鉀肥用量均最高的OPT+NPK處理的蔬菜產量增幅最大。【結論】從兼顧經濟效益和環境效益角度齣髮,綜閤分析蔬菜產量、肥料投入成本及總氮流失負荷,優化施肥( OPT)處理可作為常年菜地推薦施肥技術方案。
【목적】소채생산초량시비현상십분보편,유차도치적면원오염문제일익엄중。연구탐토상년채지적합리시비기술,명학소채합리적담비투입역치범위,종오염원두공제담적천이、류실,대우강저담비대수체적오염풍험구유적겁의의。【방법】본시험채용대전소구시험방법,설치불시비대조화불동용양화비배시유궤비처리( N0,화비담공백；CON,습관시비；OPT,우화시비；OPT+N,우화증담；OPT+P,우화증린；OPT+NPK,우화증담린갑),연구료불동양분관리조시대상년채지감람—가자—감람륜작모식하소채생장급담소경류류실적영향。【결과】련속삼치、위기일년적소채시험,공채집경류양품18차。정개시험기간,불동처리적채지지표경류안태담농도균저우2．0 mg/L적지표수V류수표준한치,차시비대안태담적영향무명현규률성。지표경류초태담화총담구유상사적농도변화특정,농도범위분별위0．0328．43 mg/L화1．0631．79 mg/L,초태담시토양광질담류실적주요담소형태。시담불동정도증가총담화초태담농도,차화비담적작용우위명현。궤호소유경류양품적총담농도균초과2．0 mg/L적지표수V류수적표준한치,OPT+NPK처리총담농도급초태담초표솔균최고。대조처리적채지총담년류실부하위30．8 kg/hm2,화비담공백처리여대조간무현저차이。기타유궤무궤비배시처리중CON、OPT、OPT+N、OPT+P화OPT+NPK처리총담년류실부하분별위69．81、54．95、76．6、55．45화90．73 kg/hm2,분별교대조현저제고126．51%、78．29%、148．54%、79．92%화194．39%,차이OPT+NPK처리적류실부하(90．73 kg/hm2)최고、OPT처리부하교저(54．95 kg/hm2)。채지시비처리적담비류실계수재1．47%3．44%지간,총체수화비담용량증가이승고。시비현저증가소채산량,화비담공백처리적감람화가자산량교상응대조처리분별증가67．50%화114．20%,기타유궤무궤비배시처리하량충소채산량적증폭분별위5．15．5배화4．55．9배。상동유궤비용량조건하,시용담、린、갑화비대소채적증산작용명현,차이담、린、갑비용량균최고적OPT+NPK처리적소채산량증폭최대。【결론】종겸고경제효익화배경효익각도출발,종합분석소채산량、비료투입성본급총담류실부하,우화시비( OPT)처리가작위상년채지추천시비기술방안。
[Objectives]A widespread phenomenon of excessive application of chemical fertilizers in vegetable production is observed, which has caused serious nonpoint pollution problem. To reduce transformation losses of field nitrogen nutrient imposing pollution potential risk on water bodies, it is necessary to study a set of fertilization technology and determine applications threshold of fertilizers in vegetable production. [Methods]A plot experiment with treatments of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted in a perennial vegetable field. There were seven treatments, control ( CK ) and organic manure ( OM ) combined with different rates of inorganic fertilizers i. e. no fertilization of inorganic nitrogen ( N0 ) , conventional fertilization ( CON ) , optimum fertilization(OPT), nitrogen addition upon OPT level(OPT+N), phosphorus addition upon OPT level(OPT+P), synchronous addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium upon OPT level ( OPT+NPK ) . The aim of this experiment was to investigate effects of different nutrition management on growth of crops and nitrogen runoff from vegetable field with ball cabbage, eggplant and ball cabbage mode.[Results]A total of eighteen runoff samples in different treatments were collected during a three-successive vegetable growth period in a year. During the whole experimental period, the concentrations of NH+4-N in different treatments were all lower than 2. 0 mg/L, meeting the grade V national surface water quality standard. No fertilization-induced influence was observed on NH+4-N concentration. The runoff concentrations of NO-3-N and total nitrogen in different treatments were 0. 03-28. 43 mg/L and 1. 06-31. 79 mg/L, respectively. Nitrate nitrogen was considered as the main form of mineral nitrogen in runoff water of vegetable field, and similar runoff characteristics in concentrations of NO-3-N and total nitrogen were observed. The fertilization increased the concentration of NO-3-N and total nitrogen in runoff water and a more pronounced effect was recorded in inorganic fertilizer as compared to organic manure. The concentrations of total nitrogen in different treatments were almost exceeded the grade V ( 2. 0 mg/L ) national surface water quality standard during the whole experiment time. Compared to other treatments, the highest total nitrogen concentration and off-grade of NO-3-N concentration in the treatment of OPT+NPK were observed. The annual runoff loads of total nitrogen in the control was 30. 8 kg/hm2 and there was no significant difference between the N0 and CK treatments. The runoff loads of total nitrogen in the treatments of CON, OPT, OPT+N, OPT+P and OPT+NPK were 69. 81, 54. 95, 76. 6, 55. 45 and 90. 73 kg/hm2 , respectively, which were increased by 127%, 78%, 149%, 80% and 195% compared to the control. Moreover, the highest nitrogen load of 90. 73 kg/hm2 was recorded in the OPT+NPK treatment and a lower nitrogen load of 54. 95 kg/hm2 was observed in the treatment of OPT. The runoff coefficients of nitrogen in the fertilizer treatments were from 1. 47% to 3. 44% and showed an increasing trend with the increase of the fertilizer application amount. The fertilization increased the vegetable yields markedly, and the yields of ball cabbage and eggplant are increased by 67. 5% and 114. 2% in the N0 treatment compared to the control, whereas the increases in other treatments were 5. 1-5. 5 times and 4. 5-5. 9 times of those of the control. The combined application of chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers based on application of same level of organic manure showed more significant increases in the vegetable yields. The highest vegetable yields were also recorded in the OPT+NPK treatment which represented the highest input of chemical fertilizers. [Conclusion]From the economic and environment perspectives, the fertilization of the OPT treatment should be considered as a recommendation in vegetable production as comprehensive analyzing the vegetable yields, fertilizer costs and runoff load of total nitrogen.
