植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science
2015年
5期
1159-1168
,共10页
董合林%李鹏程%刘敬然%刘爱忠%孙淼%赵新华%刘志红%王晓茹
董閤林%李鵬程%劉敬然%劉愛忠%孫淼%趙新華%劉誌紅%王曉茹
동합림%리붕정%류경연%류애충%손묘%조신화%류지홍%왕효여
钾肥用量%麦棉两熟制%产量%钾肥利用率
鉀肥用量%麥棉兩熟製%產量%鉀肥利用率
갑비용량%맥면량숙제%산량%갑비이용솔
potassium application rate%wheat-cotton double cropping%yield%potassium use efficiency
【目的】本试验旨在明确施钾量对麦棉两熟制作物产量和钾肥利用率的影响,确定周年两季作物最高产量与经济最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原麦棉两熟制地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。【方法】试验于20082009年分别在黄淮海平原黄淮亚区的商丘市和黄海亚区的内黄县进行,采用麦棉两季田间定位试验,两季施钾总量设置5个水平( K2 O 0、105、210、315、420 kg/hm2),其中小麦和棉花的单季施钾量各占总量的50%(即 K2 O 0、52．5、105、157．5、210 kg/hm2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量的麦、棉产量及构成因素、两季产值与效益及钾肥利用率的差异；建立麦、棉钾肥效应方程,计算麦、棉两季最高产量及经济最佳施钾量。【结果】1)与对照( K2 O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘市和内黄县试验点4个施钾处理的小麦子粒产量显著提高,分别增产6．6%9．8%和7．2%8．9%,以施钾105 kg/hm2的产量最高,但4个施钾处理间产量差异不显著；施钾可显著提高小麦穗粒数和千粒重；施钾对小麦有效穗数无显著影响；商丘和内黄试点小麦经济最佳施钾量分别为75．7 kg/hm2和63．9 kg/hm2,最高产量施钾量分别为143．2 kg/hm2和111．6 kg/hm2。2)与对照(K2O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘和内黄试验点4个施钾处理的棉花分别增产42．3%52．5%和10．9%15．6%,以施K2 O 105 kg/hm2的产量最高,4个施钾处理间产量差异不显著；施钾可显著提高棉花单株成铃数和铃重,对衣分无显著影响。商丘和内黄试点棉花经济最佳施钾量分别为106．9 kg/hm2和111．3 kg/hm2,最高产量施钾量分别为113．2 kg/hm2和138．0 kg/hm2。3)施钾可显著提高麦棉两季总产值和效益,均以两季施钾210 kg/hm2的总产值和效益最高,但4个施钾处理间差异不显著。在一定施钾量范围内,小麦和棉花的氮、磷、钾养分积累量随施钾量的提高而增加,但施钾量超过这一范围后氮、磷、钾养分的积累量趋于稳定。商丘试点小麦钾肥利用率随施钾量的增加而降低；内黄试点小麦钾肥利用率以施钾量105 kg/hm2最高,超过此量随施钾量的增加而降低。小麦、棉花的钾肥偏生产力、农学利用率均随施钾量的增加而降低。麦棉两季钾肥利用率随施钾量的增加而降低。【结论】本试验条件下,在一定施钾量范围内(麦棉两季0210 kg/hm2),小麦和棉花产量均随施钾量的增加而提高,但超过这一范围产量出现下降或趋于稳定；两熟制小麦和棉花施钾增产的主要原因是提高了小麦穗粒数和千粒重及棉花单株成铃数和铃重；增施钾肥有利于提高小麦和棉花产量,但却降低了钾肥利用率。
【目的】本試驗旨在明確施鉀量對麥棉兩熟製作物產量和鉀肥利用率的影響,確定週年兩季作物最高產量與經濟最佳鉀肥施用量,為黃淮海平原麥棉兩熟製地區閤理施用鉀肥提供依據。【方法】試驗于20082009年分彆在黃淮海平原黃淮亞區的商丘市和黃海亞區的內黃縣進行,採用麥棉兩季田間定位試驗,兩季施鉀總量設置5箇水平( K2 O 0、105、210、315、420 kg/hm2),其中小麥和棉花的單季施鉀量各佔總量的50%(即 K2 O 0、52．5、105、157．5、210 kg/hm2),各處理氮肥和燐肥施用量一緻。分析不同施鉀量的麥、棉產量及構成因素、兩季產值與效益及鉀肥利用率的差異；建立麥、棉鉀肥效應方程,計算麥、棉兩季最高產量及經濟最佳施鉀量。【結果】1)與對照( K2 O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘市和內黃縣試驗點4箇施鉀處理的小麥子粒產量顯著提高,分彆增產6．6%9．8%和7．2%8．9%,以施鉀105 kg/hm2的產量最高,但4箇施鉀處理間產量差異不顯著；施鉀可顯著提高小麥穗粒數和韆粒重；施鉀對小麥有效穗數無顯著影響；商丘和內黃試點小麥經濟最佳施鉀量分彆為75．7 kg/hm2和63．9 kg/hm2,最高產量施鉀量分彆為143．2 kg/hm2和111．6 kg/hm2。2)與對照(K2O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘和內黃試驗點4箇施鉀處理的棉花分彆增產42．3%52．5%和10．9%15．6%,以施K2 O 105 kg/hm2的產量最高,4箇施鉀處理間產量差異不顯著；施鉀可顯著提高棉花單株成鈴數和鈴重,對衣分無顯著影響。商丘和內黃試點棉花經濟最佳施鉀量分彆為106．9 kg/hm2和111．3 kg/hm2,最高產量施鉀量分彆為113．2 kg/hm2和138．0 kg/hm2。3)施鉀可顯著提高麥棉兩季總產值和效益,均以兩季施鉀210 kg/hm2的總產值和效益最高,但4箇施鉀處理間差異不顯著。在一定施鉀量範圍內,小麥和棉花的氮、燐、鉀養分積纍量隨施鉀量的提高而增加,但施鉀量超過這一範圍後氮、燐、鉀養分的積纍量趨于穩定。商丘試點小麥鉀肥利用率隨施鉀量的增加而降低；內黃試點小麥鉀肥利用率以施鉀量105 kg/hm2最高,超過此量隨施鉀量的增加而降低。小麥、棉花的鉀肥偏生產力、農學利用率均隨施鉀量的增加而降低。麥棉兩季鉀肥利用率隨施鉀量的增加而降低。【結論】本試驗條件下,在一定施鉀量範圍內(麥棉兩季0210 kg/hm2),小麥和棉花產量均隨施鉀量的增加而提高,但超過這一範圍產量齣現下降或趨于穩定；兩熟製小麥和棉花施鉀增產的主要原因是提高瞭小麥穗粒數和韆粒重及棉花單株成鈴數和鈴重；增施鉀肥有利于提高小麥和棉花產量,但卻降低瞭鉀肥利用率。
【목적】본시험지재명학시갑량대맥면량숙제작물산량화갑비이용솔적영향,학정주년량계작물최고산량여경제최가갑비시용량,위황회해평원맥면량숙제지구합리시용갑비제공의거。【방법】시험우20082009년분별재황회해평원황회아구적상구시화황해아구적내황현진행,채용맥면량계전간정위시험,량계시갑총량설치5개수평( K2 O 0、105、210、315、420 kg/hm2),기중소맥화면화적단계시갑량각점총량적50%(즉 K2 O 0、52．5、105、157．5、210 kg/hm2),각처리담비화린비시용량일치。분석불동시갑량적맥、면산량급구성인소、량계산치여효익급갑비이용솔적차이；건립맥、면갑비효응방정,계산맥、면량계최고산량급경제최가시갑량。【결과】1)여대조( K2 O 0 kg/hm2)상비,상구시화내황현시험점4개시갑처리적소맥자립산량현저제고,분별증산6．6%9．8%화7．2%8．9%,이시갑105 kg/hm2적산량최고,단4개시갑처리간산량차이불현저；시갑가현저제고소맥수립수화천립중；시갑대소맥유효수수무현저영향；상구화내황시점소맥경제최가시갑량분별위75．7 kg/hm2화63．9 kg/hm2,최고산량시갑량분별위143．2 kg/hm2화111．6 kg/hm2。2)여대조(K2O 0 kg/hm2)상비,상구화내황시험점4개시갑처리적면화분별증산42．3%52．5%화10．9%15．6%,이시K2 O 105 kg/hm2적산량최고,4개시갑처리간산량차이불현저；시갑가현저제고면화단주성령수화령중,대의분무현저영향。상구화내황시점면화경제최가시갑량분별위106．9 kg/hm2화111．3 kg/hm2,최고산량시갑량분별위113．2 kg/hm2화138．0 kg/hm2。3)시갑가현저제고맥면량계총산치화효익,균이량계시갑210 kg/hm2적총산치화효익최고,단4개시갑처리간차이불현저。재일정시갑량범위내,소맥화면화적담、린、갑양분적루량수시갑량적제고이증가,단시갑량초과저일범위후담、린、갑양분적적루량추우은정。상구시점소맥갑비이용솔수시갑량적증가이강저；내황시점소맥갑비이용솔이시갑량105 kg/hm2최고,초과차량수시갑량적증가이강저。소맥、면화적갑비편생산력、농학이용솔균수시갑량적증가이강저。맥면량계갑비이용솔수시갑량적증가이강저。【결론】본시험조건하,재일정시갑량범위내(맥면량계0210 kg/hm2),소맥화면화산량균수시갑량적증가이제고,단초과저일범위산량출현하강혹추우은정；량숙제소맥화면화시갑증산적주요원인시제고료소맥수립수화천립중급면화단주성령수화령중；증시갑비유리우제고소맥화면화산량,단각강저료갑비이용솔。
[Objectives] The aim for this study was to define effect of potassium application rate on crop yields and potassium use efficiencies in a wheat-cotton double cropping system, and to determine the highest yield and economic optimum potassium fertilizer rate for the two crops. The results could provide evidence for suitable potassium applied amount in the wheat and cotton cropping system of North China Plain. [Methods] The fieldexperiments with five treatments of total K2 O application rates(0, 105, 210, 315 and 420 kg/hm2 ) were conducted in Shangqiu city and Neihuang county, Henan province from 2008 to 2009. The single-season K2 O application rates for wheat and/or cotton were 50% of the total, and the nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers for each treatment were the same. Through analyzing the difference of crop yield, output value and increased benefit of wheat and cotton, and potassium use efficiency( KUE) in the five potassium treatments, the maximum yield and economic optimum potassium application rate of wheat-cotton were calculated using potassium mathematical modeling. [Results]1 ) Compared to K2 O 0 kg/hm2 , the wheat yield for the other four potassium treatments are increased by 6. 6%-9. 8%and 7. 2%-8. 9% in the two experimental sites, respectively, and the highest yield is obtained at the potassium rate of 105 kg/hm2 , whereas there are no differences among the four potassium treatments. In addition, wheat grains per spike and 1000-grain weights are increased significantly in the four potassium treatments(P<0. 05), whereas no significant differences are observed in the effective spike numbers. Moreover, the optimum wheat yields are obtained at the potassium application rates of 75. 7 kg/hm2 and 63. 9 kg/hm2 , respectively, in the two experimental sites, whereas the maximum wheat yields appear at the potassium application rates of 143. 2 kg/hm2 and 111. 6 kg/hm2 , respectively. 2) Compared to K2 O 0 kg/hm2 , the cotton yields for the other four potassium treatments are increased by 42. 3%-52. 5% and 10. 9%-15. 6% in the two experimental sites, respectively, and the highest yields are obtained at the potassium rate of 105 kg/hm2 , whereas there are no differences among the four potassium treatments. In addition, The boll numbers per plant and boll weights are increased significantly at the four potassium treatments(P<0. 05), whereas no significant differences are observed in lint percentage. Moreover, the optimum wheat yields are obtained at the potassium application rates of 106. 9 kg/hm2 and 111. 3 kg/hm2 , respectively, in the two experimental sites, whereas the maximum wheat yields appear at the potassium application rates of 113. 2 kg/hm2 and 138. 0 kg/hm2 , respectively. 3) The output values and increased benefits of wheat and cotton are increased significantly in the four potassium treatments, and the highest values are obtained at the potassium rates of 210 kg/hm2 . However, there are no significant differences among the four potassium treatments, except the treatment of K2 O 0 kg /hm2 . At the experimental site of Shangqiu city, the potassium apparent recovery efficiency( KARE) of wheat is decreased with the increase of potassium application rate. At the experimental site of Neihuang county, the highest KARE of wheat is obtained at the treatment of 105 kg/hm2 , and then the KARE of wheat is declined with the potassium application increasing. With the potassium application increasing, the accumulation amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for both wheat and cotton are increased within a certain amount of potassium, but over this range, their accumulation amounts are steady-going. The total KARE in the wheat-cotton double cropping system is decreased with the increase of potassium application rate, as well as the potassium partial factor productivities and agronomic efficiencies of wheat and cotton. [Conclusion] In this study, the yields of wheat and cotton are increased with the increase of potassium application rate at a suitable range, and then decline or have a unchanged trend. The crop yields for both wheat and cotton are improved, resulting from grains per spike and 1000-grain weight increasing significantly in parallel with boll number per plant and boll weight. However, the total KARE in the wheat-cotton double cropping system is decreased with the increase of potassium application rate.
