CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】中国是最大的水稻生产和消费国,氮肥是保证水稻高产的关键,水稻种植中氮素利用率偏低一直是亟待解决的问题,包膜、添加硝化抑制剂和菌剂等为其提供了可行的解决手段。本文以新型尿素为研究对象,进行四季水稻的连续试验,从作物生长、产量构成和氮素利用方面做出综合评价,为其在水稻种植上的推广提供科学依据。【方法】2012和2013年在湖北荆州(江汉平原代表站点),进行两年大田试验设置了五种氮肥处理：常规尿素(CK)、树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)、碧晶尿素(NU)(含氯甲基吡啶)、硝化抑制剂DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)(DMPP)、有效微生物菌剂(EM),跟踪观测不同尿素对双季稻生长性状(株高、茎蘖数、穗数、叶绿素)、产量要素(穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量、籽粒产量)以及氮素利用率(吸收利用率、农学利用率、生理利用率)的影响,分析新型氮肥的增产效益及氮素利用率。【结果】新型氮肥能促进水稻植株的增高、叶绿素含量的提升,增加茎蘖数、成穗数和穗粒数,并提高结实率和千粒重,最终促进秸秆和籽粒产量的增长。 CRU处理增产最为明显和稳定,早晚稻相比CK处理平均增产达18%(P<0．05),而DMPP、NU和EM处理早稻增产不明显,晚稻增产14%(P<0．05),晚稻增产效益优于早稻。新型氮肥能有效提高氮素吸收利用率,以 CRU最高,两年平均氮素利用率为53%,NU次之(为47%),CK最低(仅为35%)；随着菌剂不断施入,EM处理氮素利用率逐季增高,在2013年晚稻为55%,与CK达到极显著差异(P<0．01)。新型氮肥处理的农学利用率不同程度高于CK,其中CRU处理最高,在2013年达到差异极显著(P<0．01)。新型氮肥处理的生理利用率2012年均低于CK,2013年仅DMPP 处理高于CK,但差异不显著。【结论】与普通尿素相比,控释尿素、稳定尿素和配施微生物菌剂均能促进植株生长、提高氮素利用率,其效果以包膜控释尿素最好也最稳定,添加硝化抑制剂的稳定肥料次之,与菌剂配施作用需进一步验证。【目的】中國是最大的水稻生產和消費國,氮肥是保證水稻高產的關鍵,水稻種植中氮素利用率偏低一直是亟待解決的問題,包膜、添加硝化抑製劑和菌劑等為其提供瞭可行的解決手段。本文以新型尿素為研究對象,進行四季水稻的連續試驗,從作物生長、產量構成和氮素利用方麵做齣綜閤評價,為其在水稻種植上的推廣提供科學依據。【方法】2012和2013年在湖北荊州(江漢平原代錶站點),進行兩年大田試驗設置瞭五種氮肥處理：常規尿素(CK)、樹脂包膜控釋尿素(CRU)、碧晶尿素(NU)(含氯甲基吡啶)、硝化抑製劑DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑燐痠鹽)(DMPP)、有效微生物菌劑(EM),跟蹤觀測不同尿素對雙季稻生長性狀(株高、莖蘗數、穗數、葉綠素)、產量要素(穗粒數、結實率、韆粒重、秸稈產量、籽粒產量)以及氮素利用率(吸收利用率、農學利用率、生理利用率)的影響,分析新型氮肥的增產效益及氮素利用率。【結果】新型氮肥能促進水稻植株的增高、葉綠素含量的提升,增加莖蘗數、成穗數和穗粒數,併提高結實率和韆粒重,最終促進秸稈和籽粒產量的增長。 CRU處理增產最為明顯和穩定,早晚稻相比CK處理平均增產達18%(P<0．05),而DMPP、NU和EM處理早稻增產不明顯,晚稻增產14%(P<0．05),晚稻增產效益優于早稻。新型氮肥能有效提高氮素吸收利用率,以 CRU最高,兩年平均氮素利用率為53%,NU次之(為47%),CK最低(僅為35%)；隨著菌劑不斷施入,EM處理氮素利用率逐季增高,在2013年晚稻為55%,與CK達到極顯著差異(P<0．01)。新型氮肥處理的農學利用率不同程度高于CK,其中CRU處理最高,在2013年達到差異極顯著(P<0．01)。新型氮肥處理的生理利用率2012年均低于CK,2013年僅DMPP 處理高于CK,但差異不顯著。【結論】與普通尿素相比,控釋尿素、穩定尿素和配施微生物菌劑均能促進植株生長、提高氮素利用率,其效果以包膜控釋尿素最好也最穩定,添加硝化抑製劑的穩定肥料次之,與菌劑配施作用需進一步驗證。
【목적】중국시최대적수도생산화소비국,담비시보증수도고산적관건,수도충식중담소이용솔편저일직시극대해결적문제,포막、첨가초화억제제화균제등위기제공료가행적해결수단。본문이신형뇨소위연구대상,진행사계수도적련속시험,종작물생장、산량구성화담소이용방면주출종합평개,위기재수도충식상적추엄제공과학의거。【방법】2012화2013년재호북형주(강한평원대표참점),진행량년대전시험설치료오충담비처리：상규뇨소(CK)、수지포막공석뇨소(CRU)、벽정뇨소(NU)(함록갑기필정)、초화억제제DMPP(3,4-이갑기필서린산염)(DMPP)、유효미생물균제(EM),근종관측불동뇨소대쌍계도생장성상(주고、경얼수、수수、협록소)、산량요소(수립수、결실솔、천립중、갈간산량、자립산량)이급담소이용솔(흡수이용솔、농학이용솔、생리이용솔)적영향,분석신형담비적증산효익급담소이용솔。【결과】신형담비능촉진수도식주적증고、협록소함량적제승,증가경얼수、성수수화수립수,병제고결실솔화천립중,최종촉진갈간화자립산량적증장。 CRU처리증산최위명현화은정,조만도상비CK처리평균증산체18%(P<0．05),이DMPP、NU화EM처리조도증산불명현,만도증산14%(P<0．05),만도증산효익우우조도。신형담비능유효제고담소흡수이용솔,이 CRU최고,량년평균담소이용솔위53%,NU차지(위47%),CK최저(부위35%)；수착균제불단시입,EM처리담소이용솔축계증고,재2013년만도위55%,여CK체도겁현저차이(P<0．01)。신형담비처리적농학이용솔불동정도고우CK,기중CRU처리최고,재2013년체도차이겁현저(P<0．01)。신형담비처리적생리이용솔2012년균저우CK,2013년부DMPP 처리고우CK,단차이불현저。【결론】여보통뇨소상비,공석뇨소、은정뇨소화배시미생물균제균능촉진식주생장、제고담소이용솔,기효과이포막공석뇨소최호야최은정,첨가초화억제제적은정비료차지,여균제배시작용수진일보험증。
[Objectives] China is the largest producer and consumer of rice( Oryza sative L) in the world. Nitrogen is the most essential element for rice production, however, low nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)has been existed. New nitrogen fertilizers( controlled release urea, nitrification inhibitor and microbial inoculant) were developed to solve this problem. Their effects were compared in this paper to provide reliable basis for the fertilizer promotion in rice cultivation. [Methods] Five different fertilizer treatments, CK: conventional urea, CRU: polymer-coated controlled release urea, NU: urea containing nitrapyrin, DMPP: urea containing nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, and EM:microbial inoculant combined application with urea were set for conducting a two year field experiment ( 2012-2013 ) in Jingzhou city , Jianghan Plain, Central China. Effects of different fertilizers on growth( plant height, chlorophyll, tiller and spike numbers) , yield( grain numbers, setting rate, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yield) and NUE( nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency) were explored. Increases in yield and NUE caused by different fertilizers were synthetically analyzed, and their seasonal fluctuations were also discussed. [Results]The new fertilizers contribute to the increases of rice plant height, chlorophyll concentration, tiller numbers, spike numbers, grain numbers, setting rate and 1000-grain weight, and ultimately improve the straw and grain yields effectively. Compared with CK, CRU achieves the highest and most stable yield increase by 18%(P<0. 05)in both early and late rice, and DMPP, NU and EM achieve a yield increase by 14%(P<0. 05)in late rice, no significant increases in early rice. Better growth and yield promotion is showed in late rice than in early rice. The new fertilizers raise the nitrogen recovery efficiencies significantly compared with CK ( 35%) . The nitrogen recovery efficiencies of CRU and NU reach to 53% and 47%, respectively. With the combined application of microbial inoculant, it presents a higher nitrogen recovery efficiency, which reaches to 55% and is very significant higher(P<0. 01)than that of late rice under CK in 2013. The nitrogen agronomic efficiencies of the new fertilizers are higher than that of CK at different levels, among which CRU is very significant higher(P<0. 01)than CK in 2013. The nitrogen physiological efficiencies of the new fertilizers are lower than that of CK, except that DMPP is higher than CK in 2013, but there exists no significant difference. [Conclusions] The application of controlled-release urea, nitrification inhibitor and microorganisms in paddy field get remarkable rice yield increases and NUE promotion significantly. The beneficial effect is in order of controlled release urea higher than stable urea and higher than combined application of microbial inocul urea.