CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】以我国稻麦轮作系统为对象,研究氮肥和小麦秸秆生物炭联合施用对CH4和N2 O排放规律的影响；结合小麦和水稻总产量进而评估对该生态系统综合温室效应(GWP)和温室气体强度(GHGI)的影响,为生物炭在减缓全球气候变化及农业生产中的推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】生物炭通过小麦秸秆在300500℃条件下炭化获得。田间试验于2012年11月至2013年10月进行,为稻麦轮作体系。采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法观测CH4和N2O排放通量；试验共设置不施氮肥不施生物炭(N0B0)、不施氮肥施20 t/hm2生物炭(N0B1)、施氮肥不施生物炭(N1B0)、氮肥与20 t/hm2生物炭配施(N1B1)、氮肥与40 t/hm2生物炭配施(N1B2)等5个处理,各处理3次重复。【结果】单施氮肥(N1B0)与不施氮肥(N0B0)处理相比,增加了稻麦轮作产量82．8%,增加了CH4排放0．6倍,增加了N2O排放5．5倍。单施生物炭(N0B1)与不施生物炭(N0B0)处理相比,显著增产25．4%,却不能减少CH4和N2 O的排放。在施氮的同时,配施20 t/hm2生物炭与单施氮肥处理相比,显著增加稻麦轮作产量21．6%,小麦和水稻总产量也比配施40 t/hm2生物炭处理高；配施40 t/hm2生物炭与单施氮肥处理相比,显著降低稻麦轮作系统CH4排放11．3%和N2 O排放20．9%,CH4和N2 O排放量也比配施20 t/hm2生物炭的排放量低。随着生物炭配施量的增加,CH4和N2 O减排效果更明显。单施生物炭并不能有效地减少GWP,但却可以显著增加作物产量,从而减小GHGI。对N0B0、N0B1、N1B0、N1B1四个处理进行双因素方差分析发现,氮肥和生物炭在CH4和N2 O排放、作物产量、GWP 和GHGI方面都不存在明显的交互作用。各处理在100 a时间尺度上总GWP由大到小的顺序为N1B0> N1B1> N1B2> N0B0> N0B1,GHGI值由大到小的顺序则为N1B0> N1B1> N0B0> N1B2> N0B1。单施生物炭与配施生物炭都能降低稻麦轮作系统的GWP 和GHGI,配施40 t/hm2生物炭处理降低效果更好。【结论】稻田麦季施用不同水平生物炭都能在保产或增产的同时,降低稻麦轮作系统CH4和N2 O的排放及GWP和GHGI。在当前稻麦轮作系统中,与20 t/hm2的生物炭施用量相比,40 t/hm2的生物炭施用量显著降低GWP,但增产效果不明显,因此二者GHGI相当,需要根据温室效应与作物产量权衡选择生物炭实际施用量。【目的】以我國稻麥輪作繫統為對象,研究氮肥和小麥秸稈生物炭聯閤施用對CH4和N2 O排放規律的影響；結閤小麥和水稻總產量進而評估對該生態繫統綜閤溫室效應(GWP)和溫室氣體彊度(GHGI)的影響,為生物炭在減緩全毬氣候變化及農業生產中的推廣應用提供科學依據。【方法】生物炭通過小麥秸稈在300500℃條件下炭化穫得。田間試驗于2012年11月至2013年10月進行,為稻麥輪作體繫。採用靜態暗箱—氣相色譜法觀測CH4和N2O排放通量；試驗共設置不施氮肥不施生物炭(N0B0)、不施氮肥施20 t/hm2生物炭(N0B1)、施氮肥不施生物炭(N1B0)、氮肥與20 t/hm2生物炭配施(N1B1)、氮肥與40 t/hm2生物炭配施(N1B2)等5箇處理,各處理3次重複。【結果】單施氮肥(N1B0)與不施氮肥(N0B0)處理相比,增加瞭稻麥輪作產量82．8%,增加瞭CH4排放0．6倍,增加瞭N2O排放5．5倍。單施生物炭(N0B1)與不施生物炭(N0B0)處理相比,顯著增產25．4%,卻不能減少CH4和N2 O的排放。在施氮的同時,配施20 t/hm2生物炭與單施氮肥處理相比,顯著增加稻麥輪作產量21．6%,小麥和水稻總產量也比配施40 t/hm2生物炭處理高；配施40 t/hm2生物炭與單施氮肥處理相比,顯著降低稻麥輪作繫統CH4排放11．3%和N2 O排放20．9%,CH4和N2 O排放量也比配施20 t/hm2生物炭的排放量低。隨著生物炭配施量的增加,CH4和N2 O減排效果更明顯。單施生物炭併不能有效地減少GWP,但卻可以顯著增加作物產量,從而減小GHGI。對N0B0、N0B1、N1B0、N1B1四箇處理進行雙因素方差分析髮現,氮肥和生物炭在CH4和N2 O排放、作物產量、GWP 和GHGI方麵都不存在明顯的交互作用。各處理在100 a時間呎度上總GWP由大到小的順序為N1B0> N1B1> N1B2> N0B0> N0B1,GHGI值由大到小的順序則為N1B0> N1B1> N0B0> N1B2> N0B1。單施生物炭與配施生物炭都能降低稻麥輪作繫統的GWP 和GHGI,配施40 t/hm2生物炭處理降低效果更好。【結論】稻田麥季施用不同水平生物炭都能在保產或增產的同時,降低稻麥輪作繫統CH4和N2 O的排放及GWP和GHGI。在噹前稻麥輪作繫統中,與20 t/hm2的生物炭施用量相比,40 t/hm2的生物炭施用量顯著降低GWP,但增產效果不明顯,因此二者GHGI相噹,需要根據溫室效應與作物產量權衡選擇生物炭實際施用量。
【목적】이아국도맥륜작계통위대상,연구담비화소맥갈간생물탄연합시용대CH4화N2 O배방규률적영향；결합소맥화수도총산량진이평고대해생태계통종합온실효응(GWP)화온실기체강도(GHGI)적영향,위생물탄재감완전구기후변화급농업생산중적추엄응용제공과학의거。【방법】생물탄통과소맥갈간재300500℃조건하탄화획득。전간시험우2012년11월지2013년10월진행,위도맥륜작체계。채용정태암상—기상색보법관측CH4화N2O배방통량；시험공설치불시담비불시생물탄(N0B0)、불시담비시20 t/hm2생물탄(N0B1)、시담비불시생물탄(N1B0)、담비여20 t/hm2생물탄배시(N1B1)、담비여40 t/hm2생물탄배시(N1B2)등5개처리,각처리3차중복。【결과】단시담비(N1B0)여불시담비(N0B0)처리상비,증가료도맥륜작산량82．8%,증가료CH4배방0．6배,증가료N2O배방5．5배。단시생물탄(N0B1)여불시생물탄(N0B0)처리상비,현저증산25．4%,각불능감소CH4화N2 O적배방。재시담적동시,배시20 t/hm2생물탄여단시담비처리상비,현저증가도맥륜작산량21．6%,소맥화수도총산량야비배시40 t/hm2생물탄처리고；배시40 t/hm2생물탄여단시담비처리상비,현저강저도맥륜작계통CH4배방11．3%화N2 O배방20．9%,CH4화N2 O배방량야비배시20 t/hm2생물탄적배방량저。수착생물탄배시량적증가,CH4화N2 O감배효과경명현。단시생물탄병불능유효지감소GWP,단각가이현저증가작물산량,종이감소GHGI。대N0B0、N0B1、N1B0、N1B1사개처리진행쌍인소방차분석발현,담비화생물탄재CH4화N2 O배방、작물산량、GWP 화GHGI방면도불존재명현적교호작용。각처리재100 a시간척도상총GWP유대도소적순서위N1B0> N1B1> N1B2> N0B0> N0B1,GHGI치유대도소적순서칙위N1B0> N1B1> N0B0> N1B2> N0B1。단시생물탄여배시생물탄도능강저도맥륜작계통적GWP 화GHGI,배시40 t/hm2생물탄처리강저효과경호。【결론】도전맥계시용불동수평생물탄도능재보산혹증산적동시,강저도맥륜작계통CH4화N2 O적배방급GWP화GHGI。재당전도맥륜작계통중,여20 t/hm2적생물탄시용량상비,40 t/hm2적생물탄시용량현저강저GWP,단증산효과불명현,인차이자GHGI상당,수요근거온실효응여작물산량권형선택생물탄실제시용량。
[Objectives]The potentials of biochar application in mitigating global warming in agriculture systems need assessed through field experiments. The effects of combined N fertilization and biochar incorporation on the global warming potential(GWP)caused by CH4 and N2O emissions, the greenhouse gas intensities(GHGI), andgrain yield are need to be investigated to provide a scientific base for the biochar application in a rice-wheat annual rotation system. [Methods]Biochar used in the study was prepared by carbonization of wheat straw at 350-500℃. A field experiment was carried out during the wheat and rice seasons between November 2012 and October 2013 . Five treatments were adopted in triplicate:no N fertilization without biochar amendment(N0B0), no N fertilization with 20 t/hm2 biochar amendment(N0B1), 250 kg/hm2 N fertilization without biochar amendment(N1B0), 250 kg/hm2 N fertilization with 20 t/hm2 biochar amendment(N1B1), 250 kg/hm2 N fertilization with 40 t/hm2 biochar amendment(N1B2). The CH4 and N2O gas emission fluxes were monitored with a static chamber and gas chromatography method.[Results]In N1B0 treatment, the yield of rice and wheat was increased by 82. 8%, the CH4 and N2 O emissions were 1. 6 and 6. 5 times of those in N0B0 treatment. In N0B1 treatment, the wheat and rice production was significantly increased by 25. 4%, no pronounced difference in CH4 and N2 O emissions was found with in the N0B0 treatment. In contrast with the N1B0 treatment, CH4 emission decreased by 3. 7% and 11. 3%( P<0. 05 ) , N2 O emission decreased by 6. 1% and 20. 9%( P<0. 05 ) , the yield of rice and wheat increased by 21. 6%(P<0. 05)and 10. 0% in the N1B1 and N1B2 treatments, respectively. The N1B2 treatment significantly reduced the CH4 and N2 O emissions than in N1B1 treatment. The mitigation effect on CH4 and N2 O emissions became more noticeable with higher biochar amendment. Based on a 100 years horizon, the order of ranks in the annual total GWPs of CH4 and N2 O total emissions over the entire rotation cycle was N1B0 >N1B1 >N1B2 > N0B0 > N0B1, the GWPs per unit crop grain yield were in order of N1B0 > N1B1 > N0B0 > N1B2 >N0B1. Significant difference in the GWPs existed between the treatments with and without N fertilizer, not in the GHGIs. There was no significant difference between the N0B0 and N0B1 treatments in the GWPs, but significant in the GHGIs. The noticeably higher GWP and GHGI were found in the N1B0 than in other treatments, which indicated that the single N fertilization could increase the GWP and GHGI. Both nitrogen and biochar combination treatments could reduce the GWP and GHGI. The single biochar amendment did not effectively reduce the GWP , but significantly increased crop yield and reduced GHGI. A two-way analysis of variance for treatments of N0B0, N0B1, N1B0 and N1B1 indicated that no obvious interaction between N fertilizer and biochar on CH4 and N2 O emissions, crop yield, GWP and GHGI. All the single biochar application and the combined application with N fertilizer could reduce the GWPs and GHGIs, and biochar incorporation of 40 t/hm2 produced better results than that of 20 t/hm2 . [Conclusion] The single N fertilization, and the biochar and N incorporation in wheat season increase the wheat and rice production, decrease CH4 and N2 O emissions, thus simultaneously lowered GWP and GHGI in a rice-wheat rotation system. Biochar amendment of 40 t/hm2 could mitigate more GHG emissions than that of 20 t/hm2 , while improved insignificant grain yields. Thus the two biochar amendments produce comparable GHGI. It is therefore an unanswered issue for decision when balanced between GHG mitigation and grain yield.