植物营养与肥料学报
植物營養與肥料學報
식물영양여비료학보
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science
2015年
5期
1366-1372
,共7页
许海港%季萌萌%葛顺峰%姜远茂%姜翰%陈汝
許海港%季萌萌%葛順峰%薑遠茂%薑翰%陳汝
허해항%계맹맹%갈순봉%강원무%강한%진여
苹果%水平位置施肥%15 N-尿素
蘋果%水平位置施肥%15 N-尿素
평과%수평위치시비%15 N-뇨소
apple%horizontal fertilization placement%15 N-urea
【目的】氮素用量高，利用效率低是制约我国苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素。生产上，施肥位置不明确是造成肥料利用率低的主要原因之一。本文通过研究不同水平位置施肥嘎啦苹果对15 N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用特性，确定科学合理的施肥位置，以达到提高肥料利用效率的目的。【方法】以15年生嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶为试材，采用15N示踪技术，根据施肥部位在树冠投影中的分布情况设置内层(1/3投影)、中层(2/3投影)、外层(投影边缘以内约20 cm处)3个不同水平位置施肥处理。施肥方法为挖环状沟施肥，施肥深度约25 cm。在苹果的几个关键物候期(新梢旺长期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期)分器官采集样品，试验结束时整株解析采样。【结果】不同水平位置施肥处理果树在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的15 N优先向新生营养器官运转；果实成熟期均以果实中Ndff值最高；不同处理间，各生育期同一器官的Ndff值存在差异，内层施肥处理显著高于外层和中层施肥处理，其中以根系和果实最为显著；随着物候期的推移，不同处理根系的Ndff值变化趋势不同，中层施肥和外层施肥处理根系的Ndff值均呈先下降后上升的趋势，而内层施肥处理根系的Ndff值在果实膨大期就已经达到最大值，并且从果实膨大期到果实成熟期一直维持在较高水平；3个处理中果实的Ndff值随物候期的推移均呈上升趋势，并在果实成熟期达到最大，此时中层施肥处理和内层施肥处理果实的Ndff值分别是外层施肥处理的1．43和1．42倍；在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期果实的Ndff值从到大小依次为内层>外层>中层。不同物候期各器官的15 N分配率存在显著差异，但不同水平位置施肥处理之间的差异并不显著；到果实成熟期3个处理的氮肥分配率均表现为贮藏器官>营养器官>生殖器官。果实成熟期，植株的15 N 利用率以内层施肥处理最高，为29．25%；中层施肥处理次之，为19．33%；外层施肥处理最低，为19．04%。内层施肥处理的氮肥利用率分别为外层和中层施肥处理的1．51和1．54倍。【结论】内层施肥处理植株各器官对肥料的吸收征调能力均显著高于中层和外层施肥处理，其中以细根最为显著；不同水平位置施肥对15 N在各器官中的分配率影响不大；内层施肥处理15 N利用率显著高于中层和外层施肥处理。
【目的】氮素用量高，利用效率低是製約我國蘋果產業可持續髮展的重要因素。生產上，施肥位置不明確是造成肥料利用率低的主要原因之一。本文通過研究不同水平位置施肥嘎啦蘋果對15 N-尿素的吸收、分配與利用特性，確定科學閤理的施肥位置，以達到提高肥料利用效率的目的。【方法】以15年生嘎啦蘋果/平邑甜茶為試材，採用15N示蹤技術，根據施肥部位在樹冠投影中的分佈情況設置內層(1/3投影)、中層(2/3投影)、外層(投影邊緣以內約20 cm處)3箇不同水平位置施肥處理。施肥方法為挖環狀溝施肥，施肥深度約25 cm。在蘋果的幾箇關鍵物候期(新梢旺長期、果實膨大期、果實成熟期)分器官採集樣品，試驗結束時整株解析採樣。【結果】不同水平位置施肥處理果樹在新梢旺長期和果實膨大期根部吸收的15 N優先嚮新生營養器官運轉；果實成熟期均以果實中Ndff值最高；不同處理間，各生育期同一器官的Ndff值存在差異，內層施肥處理顯著高于外層和中層施肥處理，其中以根繫和果實最為顯著；隨著物候期的推移，不同處理根繫的Ndff值變化趨勢不同，中層施肥和外層施肥處理根繫的Ndff值均呈先下降後上升的趨勢，而內層施肥處理根繫的Ndff值在果實膨大期就已經達到最大值，併且從果實膨大期到果實成熟期一直維持在較高水平；3箇處理中果實的Ndff值隨物候期的推移均呈上升趨勢，併在果實成熟期達到最大，此時中層施肥處理和內層施肥處理果實的Ndff值分彆是外層施肥處理的1．43和1．42倍；在新梢旺長期和果實膨大期果實的Ndff值從到大小依次為內層>外層>中層。不同物候期各器官的15 N分配率存在顯著差異，但不同水平位置施肥處理之間的差異併不顯著；到果實成熟期3箇處理的氮肥分配率均錶現為貯藏器官>營養器官>生殖器官。果實成熟期，植株的15 N 利用率以內層施肥處理最高，為29．25%；中層施肥處理次之，為19．33%；外層施肥處理最低，為19．04%。內層施肥處理的氮肥利用率分彆為外層和中層施肥處理的1．51和1．54倍。【結論】內層施肥處理植株各器官對肥料的吸收徵調能力均顯著高于中層和外層施肥處理，其中以細根最為顯著；不同水平位置施肥對15 N在各器官中的分配率影響不大；內層施肥處理15 N利用率顯著高于中層和外層施肥處理。
【목적】담소용량고，이용효솔저시제약아국평과산업가지속발전적중요인소。생산상，시비위치불명학시조성비료이용솔저적주요원인지일。본문통과연구불동수평위치시비알랍평과대15 N-뇨소적흡수、분배여이용특성，학정과학합리적시비위치，이체도제고비료이용효솔적목적。【방법】이15년생알랍평과/평읍첨다위시재，채용15N시종기술，근거시비부위재수관투영중적분포정황설치내층(1/3투영)、중층(2/3투영)、외층(투영변연이내약20 cm처)3개불동수평위치시비처리。시비방법위알배상구시비，시비심도약25 cm。재평과적궤개관건물후기(신소왕장기、과실팽대기、과실성숙기)분기관채집양품，시험결속시정주해석채양。【결과】불동수평위치시비처리과수재신소왕장기화과실팽대기근부흡수적15 N우선향신생영양기관운전；과실성숙기균이과실중Ndff치최고；불동처리간，각생육기동일기관적Ndff치존재차이，내층시비처리현저고우외층화중층시비처리，기중이근계화과실최위현저；수착물후기적추이，불동처리근계적Ndff치변화추세불동，중층시비화외층시비처리근계적Ndff치균정선하강후상승적추세，이내층시비처리근계적Ndff치재과실팽대기취이경체도최대치，병차종과실팽대기도과실성숙기일직유지재교고수평；3개처리중과실적Ndff치수물후기적추이균정상승추세，병재과실성숙기체도최대，차시중층시비처리화내층시비처리과실적Ndff치분별시외층시비처리적1．43화1．42배；재신소왕장기화과실팽대기과실적Ndff치종도대소의차위내층>외층>중층。불동물후기각기관적15 N분배솔존재현저차이，단불동수평위치시비처리지간적차이병불현저；도과실성숙기3개처리적담비분배솔균표현위저장기관>영양기관>생식기관。과실성숙기，식주적15 N 이용솔이내층시비처리최고，위29．25%；중층시비처리차지，위19．33%；외층시비처리최저，위19．04%。내층시비처리적담비이용솔분별위외층화중층시비처리적1．51화1．54배。【결론】내층시비처리식주각기관대비료적흡수정조능력균현저고우중층화외층시비처리，기중이세근최위현저；불동수평위치시비대15 N재각기관중적분배솔영향불대；내층시비처리15 N이용솔현저고우중층화외층시비처리。
[Objectives]High nitrogen dosage and low use efficiency become one of important reasons of restricting sustainable development of apple industry in China. Unclear fertilizer placement is one of the main reasons of low fertilizer utilization rate in the production. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to figure out reasonable fertilizer placement, improve fertilizer utilization ratio and reduce waste by studying differences of different level fertilization effect. [Methods]The experiment was carried out to study the effects of different fertilizer placements on the characteristics of notrogen absorption, distribution and utilization of fifteen year old apple trees ( Gala/Malus hupehensis) using 15 N urea tracer technique. According to the scope of canopy projection, we set three different fertilizer placements, including 1/3 of canopy projection, referred to as inner fertilizer treatment ( I ) , 2/3 of canopy projection ( middle fertilizer treatment, M) and about 20 cm inside to the edge of canopy projection ( outer fertilizer treatment, O) . The fertilizing method was digging circular furrows on the three placements we had set and backfilling soil after the fertilization. The depth of the furrows was about 25 cm. Samples at the key phonological phases of apple trees were collected and separated at the end of the experiment. [Results]The absorbed 15 N by roots transfers to new vegetative organs prior at the new shoot growing stage and fruit rapid-swelling stage under the different horizontal fertilization placements. The Ndff values of fruits are the highest among the organs at the fruit maturity stage under the three fertilization treatments. The Ndff values of the same organ are different under different fertilization treatments, and the Ndff values of the organs under the inner treatment are significant higher than those under the outer and middle fertilization treatments, especially for roots and fruits. The Ndff values of roots under the three treatments show different variation tendency as the phonological phase changing, and these of the inner fertilization are greater than those of the other treatments. The Ndff values of roots under the M and O treatments present a trend of upward after a fall first. But in the treatment I, the Ndff value of root is increasing until reaches the highest level at the fruit maturity stage. The Ndff values of fruits under the three treatments all present an increasing tendency as the phonological phase changing and reach the maxima at the fruit maturity stage, and the Ndff values of fruits in M and I are respectively 1. 43 and 1. 42 times of that under the treatment O. The result of the Ndff values of fruit at the new shoot growing stage and fruit rapid-swelling stage is I>O>M. The 15 N distributions in the organs at different phonological phases are significantly different and are not significantly different among different treatments. At the fruit maturity stage, the trend of the nitrogen distribution in different organs under different fertilization treatments is consistent, storage organs>vegetative organs>reproductive organs, and the values of NUE under different treatments are I>M>O. The NUE of trees under the I treatment is 29. 25%, which is significantly higher than those under the other two treatments ( 19. 33% and 19. 04%) . [Conclusions]Fertilization placement significantly affects plant organs’ ability of absorbing fertilizer, especially roots. Different fertilizer placements show little effects on the nitrogen allocation rate but obviously affect the nitrogen utilization efficiency. Combining previous research results and the results of this experiment, it suggests that for ridging planted orchard, fertilizing at 1/3 of the canopy projection could improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer.
