【目的】矮化中间砧是目前我国苹果栽培中主要的致矮手段,但在提早结果的同时存在树势早衰的现象,而有关矮化中间砧的果树氮素需求规律及其氮素与树体生长和内源激素之间的关系研究较少。本文研究氮素施用量对矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长、氮素吸收利用及内源激素的影响,以期为苹果矮化中间砧的果树栽培中氮肥的科学施用和高效利用以及防止树体早衰提供理论依据。【方法】利用15 N同位素示踪技术,以三年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶( Borkh cv. Fuji/SH6/M. hupehensis Rehd)为试材,于春梢萌芽前,设置3个氮肥施用水平( N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,分别以N50、N100、N200表示),同时每棵树施15 N-尿素0．5 g。于春梢旺长期、春梢缓长期,采用酶联免疫法测定茎尖和细根的激素含量；植株停止生长时,测其春、秋梢长度,并整株解析,称量各部分鲜重、干重,测植株全氮及其15 N 丰度。【结果】研究结果表明,不同施氮水平与植株生长及氮素吸收利用密切相关,春、秋梢长度、树体鲜重及植株全氮均以N50处理最低,N100次之, N200最高,但15 N的利用率趋势正好相反,为N50>N100>N200；细根鲜重以N100处理(34．06 g)最高,N200(28．36g)次之,N50(22．47g)最低。施氮水平对茎尖和细根的赤霉素( GA)、玉米素核苷( ZRs)、脱落酸( ABA)和吲哚乙酸( IAA)的含量变化及其比值有较大影响。春梢旺长期和春梢缓长期茎尖、细根中的IAA和GA含量均为N50<N100<N200,而ZR和ABA的含量则随氮肥用量的增加而降低,表现为N50>N100>N200；春梢缓长期与春梢旺长期相比,除细根中GA含量( N50、N100、N200处理分别为5．13、5．68、6．17 ng/g, Fw)有所升高外,各器官的IAA、GA、ZR的含量均明显降低,且差异显著；两时期茎尖和细根的ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值均以N50处理最大,N100处理次之,N200处理最小；同一器官不同处理间( IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA比值也存在差异,N200处理显著高于其他处理。【结论】氮肥施用量在50 kg/hm2到200 kg/hm2范围内,随着氮肥用量的增加矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长促进型激素含量、植株全氮和植株生物量显著增加,但15 N利用率显著降低,且ZR/GA、 ABA/GA比值逐渐降低。本试验条件下施氮量为N100 kg/hm2是矮化中间砧苹果幼树的适宜施氮量,有利于提高氮素利用率,促进细根生长,同时可延缓树势衰老,促进成花,保证苹果矮化密植集约化栽培中的氮肥充足和均衡供应。
【目的】矮化中間砧是目前我國蘋果栽培中主要的緻矮手段,但在提早結果的同時存在樹勢早衰的現象,而有關矮化中間砧的果樹氮素需求規律及其氮素與樹體生長和內源激素之間的關繫研究較少。本文研究氮素施用量對矮化中間砧蘋果幼樹的生長、氮素吸收利用及內源激素的影響,以期為蘋果矮化中間砧的果樹栽培中氮肥的科學施用和高效利用以及防止樹體早衰提供理論依據。【方法】利用15 N同位素示蹤技術,以三年生宮籐富士/SH6/平邑甜茶( Borkh cv. Fuji/SH6/M. hupehensis Rehd)為試材,于春梢萌芽前,設置3箇氮肥施用水平( N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,分彆以N50、N100、N200錶示),同時每棵樹施15 N-尿素0．5 g。于春梢旺長期、春梢緩長期,採用酶聯免疫法測定莖尖和細根的激素含量；植株停止生長時,測其春、鞦梢長度,併整株解析,稱量各部分鮮重、榦重,測植株全氮及其15 N 豐度。【結果】研究結果錶明,不同施氮水平與植株生長及氮素吸收利用密切相關,春、鞦梢長度、樹體鮮重及植株全氮均以N50處理最低,N100次之, N200最高,但15 N的利用率趨勢正好相反,為N50>N100>N200；細根鮮重以N100處理(34．06 g)最高,N200(28．36g)次之,N50(22．47g)最低。施氮水平對莖尖和細根的赤黴素( GA)、玉米素覈苷( ZRs)、脫落痠( ABA)和吲哚乙痠( IAA)的含量變化及其比值有較大影響。春梢旺長期和春梢緩長期莖尖、細根中的IAA和GA含量均為N50<N100<N200,而ZR和ABA的含量則隨氮肥用量的增加而降低,錶現為N50>N100>N200；春梢緩長期與春梢旺長期相比,除細根中GA含量( N50、N100、N200處理分彆為5．13、5．68、6．17 ng/g, Fw)有所升高外,各器官的IAA、GA、ZR的含量均明顯降低,且差異顯著；兩時期莖尖和細根的ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值均以N50處理最大,N100處理次之,N200處理最小；同一器官不同處理間( IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA比值也存在差異,N200處理顯著高于其他處理。【結論】氮肥施用量在50 kg/hm2到200 kg/hm2範圍內,隨著氮肥用量的增加矮化中間砧蘋果幼樹的生長促進型激素含量、植株全氮和植株生物量顯著增加,但15 N利用率顯著降低,且ZR/GA、 ABA/GA比值逐漸降低。本試驗條件下施氮量為N100 kg/hm2是矮化中間砧蘋果幼樹的適宜施氮量,有利于提高氮素利用率,促進細根生長,同時可延緩樹勢衰老,促進成花,保證蘋果矮化密植集約化栽培中的氮肥充足和均衡供應。
【목적】왜화중간침시목전아국평과재배중주요적치왜수단,단재제조결과적동시존재수세조쇠적현상,이유관왜화중간침적과수담소수구규률급기담소여수체생장화내원격소지간적관계연구교소。본문연구담소시용량대왜화중간침평과유수적생장、담소흡수이용급내원격소적영향,이기위평과왜화중간침적과수재배중담비적과학시용화고효이용이급방지수체조쇠제공이론의거。【방법】이용15 N동위소시종기술,이삼년생궁등부사/SH6/평읍첨다( Borkh cv. Fuji/SH6/M. hupehensis Rehd)위시재,우춘소맹아전,설치3개담비시용수평( N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,분별이N50、N100、N200표시),동시매과수시15 N-뇨소0．5 g。우춘소왕장기、춘소완장기,채용매련면역법측정경첨화세근적격소함량；식주정지생장시,측기춘、추소장도,병정주해석,칭량각부분선중、간중,측식주전담급기15 N 봉도。【결과】연구결과표명,불동시담수평여식주생장급담소흡수이용밀절상관,춘、추소장도、수체선중급식주전담균이N50처리최저,N100차지, N200최고,단15 N적이용솔추세정호상반,위N50>N100>N200；세근선중이N100처리(34．06 g)최고,N200(28．36g)차지,N50(22．47g)최저。시담수평대경첨화세근적적매소( GA)、옥미소핵감( ZRs)、탈락산( ABA)화신타을산( IAA)적함량변화급기비치유교대영향。춘소왕장기화춘소완장기경첨、세근중적IAA화GA함량균위N50<N100<N200,이ZR화ABA적함량칙수담비용량적증가이강저,표현위N50>N100>N200；춘소완장기여춘소왕장기상비,제세근중GA함량( N50、N100、N200처리분별위5．13、5．68、6．17 ng/g, Fw)유소승고외,각기관적IAA、GA、ZR적함량균명현강저,차차이현저；량시기경첨화세근적ZR/GA、ABA/GA비치균이N50처리최대,N100처리차지,N200처리최소；동일기관불동처리간( IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA비치야존재차이,N200처리현저고우기타처리。【결론】담비시용량재50 kg/hm2도200 kg/hm2범위내,수착담비용량적증가왜화중간침평과유수적생장촉진형격소함량、식주전담화식주생물량현저증가,단15 N이용솔현저강저,차ZR/GA、 ABA/GA비치축점강저。본시험조건하시담량위N100 kg/hm2시왜화중간침평과유수적괄의시담량,유리우제고담소이용솔,촉진세근생장,동시가연완수세쇠로,촉진성화,보증평과왜화밀식집약화재배중적담비충족화균형공응。
[Objectives] The dwarfed interstocks are been used to realise the dwarfed apple cultivation, which facilitate early fruiting whereas might lead to presenility of apple trees. Few studies have been focused on the demand of nitrogen as well as the relationship between growth and endogenous hormone of dwarfed interstocks. Thefore, effects of different nitrogen application levels on growth, nitrogen uptake and utilization and endogenous hormone of dwarfed interstocks were studied. [Methods]Using the 15 N isotope tracer technique, three-year-old Fuji/SH6/Malus hupehensis Rehd was selected as test materials. Threre were three N application rates, 50 kg/hm2 , 100 kg/hm2 and 200 kg/hm2( N50 , N100 and N200 ) . At the shoot vigorous growing period and slow growth period, the hormones in stem tips and fine roots were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay( ELISA) . In the shoot stop growing, the length of the spring shoots and autumn shoots was measured, then whole plants were parsed, fresh weight and dry weight of each part were weighed, and the plant total nitrogen and 15 N abundance were determined. [Results]The results show that the plant growth and nitrogen uptake are significantly related to the N application levels. The total fresh weight, fine root biomass and total N content of the plants in the N50 treatment are the lowest, followed by N100 treatment, while those in the N200 treatment are the highest. The utilization rates of 15 N are just the opposite, N50>N100>N200 . The N application has great influence on dynamic changes and values of GA, ZR, ABA and IAA. During the vigorous growing period and slow growth period of the shoots, the contents of IAA and GA in stem tips and fine roots are as follows:N50<N100<N200 , but the contents of ZR and ABA are declined along with the increase of nitrogen:N50>N100>N200 . Compared with the vigorous growing period, except that the contents of GA of fine roots(N50 is 5. 13, N100 is 5. 68 and N200 is 6. 17 ng/g, FW)are increased , the contents of IAA、GA and ZR in each organ are significantly reduced during the slow growth period of shoots. In the two periods, the ratios of ZR/GA and ABA/GA in stem tips and fine roots are the highest under N50 treatment, followed by the N100 treatment, and the ratios of the N200 treatment are the lowest. The values of ( GA+ZR+IAA)/ABA of different N application rates are different in the same organs, meanwhile the ratio of the N200 treatment is significantly higher than those of other treatments. [Conclusions]With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer in the range of N 50 kg/hm2 to 200 kg/hm2 , hormones, total nitrogen and biomass in dwarfed interstock apple saplings are increased significantly, while the 15 N utilization rate, ZR/GA and ABA/GA ratios are gradually reduced. In this study, the appropriate amount of nitrogen application for apple trees is recommended as 100 kg/hm2 , it could promote the growth of fine roots and the utilization of nitrogen, delay senescence and promote flowering , ensure sufficient and balance supply of nitrogen in intensive cultivation in dwarfed apple under this condition.
