CAJ | 학술논문

【目的】通过定位试验,综合评价中国南方双季稻地区有机无机肥配施对水稻粒重与结实率的影响。【方法】从江西连续30年的定位试验稻田采样,比较施用化肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配施50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配施70%有机肥(30F+70M)的稻穗不同部位粒重与结实率。有机肥早稻用紫云英,晚稻用腐熟猪粪；无机肥用尿素、过磷酸钙与氯化钾。采集的水稻品种为赣晚籼37号(926),把稻穗分为上、中、下三个部位,然后分别截取一次枝梗和二次枝梗上的籽粒测定粒重与结实率。【结果】1)与单施化肥相比,三个有机无机肥配施处理水稻的结实率均有提高,特别是稻穗中、下部的结实率均高于NPK处理,虽未达显著水平,但稻穗中、下部结实率的变异性远低于全施化肥处理；2)有机无机肥不同比例对粒重影响不同,50F+50M处理的粒重与NPK相比,显著增加了3.1%,而70F+30M和30F+70M处理差异不显著；3)将稻穗分为上、中、下三个部位,70F+30M和30F+70M处理不同穗位的粒重与NPK处理相比差异均不明显,但50F+50M处理穗上部与穗中部粒重分别增加了4.7%与3.8%,由于粒重变异系数较大,粒重增加不显著；4)与NPK处理相比,50F+50M处理稻穗上部的一次、二次枝梗粒重分别增加了4.8%与4.7%,稻穗中部的分别增加了3.0%与4.6%,但70F+30M和30F+70M处理稻穗上、中部不同枝梗的粒重与NPK处理相比无明显差异；5)有机无机肥配施处理稻穗上部各枝梗结实率与NPK处理无明显差异,但稻穗中、下部的一、二次枝梗结实率都大于NPK处理,其中二次枝梗结实率增加的幅度较大；有机无机配施穗中部与穗下部一次枝梗结实率变异系数小,但二次枝梗结实率的增加呈现不稳定状态。【结论】有机肥化肥的配施比例影响着水稻稻穗不同部位枝梗的实粒数和粒重。本试验条件下,50%化肥与50%有机肥配合最有利于增加稻穗中、上部一、二次枝梗的粒重,但对稻穗各部位粒重的增加不稳定；50%化肥配施50%有机肥配合还有利于增加稻穗中、下部二次枝梗的结实率。有机肥配施比例高于或低于50%时,养分供应滞后或超前,均未显现出优于单施化肥的效果,但是其结实率和粒重的稳定性,也在一定程度上体现了有机无机配施对水稻稻穗结实率和实粒重的良好作用。【目的】通過定位試驗,綜閤評價中國南方雙季稻地區有機無機肥配施對水稻粒重與結實率的影響。【方法】從江西連續30年的定位試驗稻田採樣,比較施用化肥(NPK)、等養分條件下70%化肥配施30%有機肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配施50%有機肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配施70%有機肥(30F+70M)的稻穗不同部位粒重與結實率。有機肥早稻用紫雲英,晚稻用腐熟豬糞；無機肥用尿素、過燐痠鈣與氯化鉀。採集的水稻品種為贛晚秈37號(926),把稻穗分為上、中、下三箇部位,然後分彆截取一次枝梗和二次枝梗上的籽粒測定粒重與結實率。【結果】1)與單施化肥相比,三箇有機無機肥配施處理水稻的結實率均有提高,特彆是稻穗中、下部的結實率均高于NPK處理,雖未達顯著水平,但稻穗中、下部結實率的變異性遠低于全施化肥處理；2)有機無機肥不同比例對粒重影響不同,50F+50M處理的粒重與NPK相比,顯著增加瞭3.1%,而70F+30M和30F+70M處理差異不顯著；3)將稻穗分為上、中、下三箇部位,70F+30M和30F+70M處理不同穗位的粒重與NPK處理相比差異均不明顯,但50F+50M處理穗上部與穗中部粒重分彆增加瞭4.7%與3.8%,由于粒重變異繫數較大,粒重增加不顯著；4)與NPK處理相比,50F+50M處理稻穗上部的一次、二次枝梗粒重分彆增加瞭4.8%與4.7%,稻穗中部的分彆增加瞭3.0%與4.6%,但70F+30M和30F+70M處理稻穗上、中部不同枝梗的粒重與NPK處理相比無明顯差異；5)有機無機肥配施處理稻穗上部各枝梗結實率與NPK處理無明顯差異,但稻穗中、下部的一、二次枝梗結實率都大于NPK處理,其中二次枝梗結實率增加的幅度較大；有機無機配施穗中部與穗下部一次枝梗結實率變異繫數小,但二次枝梗結實率的增加呈現不穩定狀態。【結論】有機肥化肥的配施比例影響著水稻稻穗不同部位枝梗的實粒數和粒重。本試驗條件下,50%化肥與50%有機肥配閤最有利于增加稻穗中、上部一、二次枝梗的粒重,但對稻穗各部位粒重的增加不穩定；50%化肥配施50%有機肥配閤還有利于增加稻穗中、下部二次枝梗的結實率。有機肥配施比例高于或低于50%時,養分供應滯後或超前,均未顯現齣優于單施化肥的效果,但是其結實率和粒重的穩定性,也在一定程度上體現瞭有機無機配施對水稻稻穗結實率和實粒重的良好作用。
【목적】통과정위시험,종합평개중국남방쌍계도지구유궤무궤비배시대수도립중여결실솔적영향。【방법】종강서련속30년적정위시험도전채양,비교시용화비(NPK)、등양분조건하70%화비배시30%유궤비(70F+30M)、50%화비배시50%유궤비(50F+50M)、30%화비배시70%유궤비(30F+70M)적도수불동부위립중여결실솔。유궤비조도용자운영,만도용부숙저분；무궤비용뇨소、과린산개여록화갑。채집적수도품충위공만선37호(926),파도수분위상、중、하삼개부위,연후분별절취일차지경화이차지경상적자립측정립중여결실솔。【결과】1)여단시화비상비,삼개유궤무궤비배시처리수도적결실솔균유제고,특별시도수중、하부적결실솔균고우NPK처리,수미체현저수평,단도수중、하부결실솔적변이성원저우전시화비처리；2)유궤무궤비불동비례대립중영향불동,50F+50M처리적립중여NPK상비,현저증가료3.1%,이70F+30M화30F+70M처리차이불현저；3)장도수분위상、중、하삼개부위,70F+30M화30F+70M처리불동수위적립중여NPK처리상비차이균불명현,단50F+50M처리수상부여수중부립중분별증가료4.7%여3.8%,유우립중변이계수교대,립중증가불현저；4)여NPK처리상비,50F+50M처리도수상부적일차、이차지경립중분별증가료4.8%여4.7%,도수중부적분별증가료3.0%여4.6%,단70F+30M화30F+70M처리도수상、중부불동지경적립중여NPK처리상비무명현차이；5)유궤무궤비배시처리도수상부각지경결실솔여NPK처리무명현차이,단도수중、하부적일、이차지경결실솔도대우NPK처리,기중이차지경결실솔증가적폭도교대；유궤무궤배시수중부여수하부일차지경결실솔변이계수소,단이차지경결실솔적증가정현불은정상태。【결론】유궤비화비적배시비례영향착수도도수불동부위지경적실립수화립중。본시험조건하,50%화비여50%유궤비배합최유리우증가도수중、상부일、이차지경적립중,단대도수각부위립중적증가불은정；50%화비배시50%유궤비배합환유리우증가도수중、하부이차지경적결실솔。유궤비배시비례고우혹저우50%시,양분공응체후혹초전,균미현현출우우단시화비적효과,단시기결실솔화립중적은정성,야재일정정도상체현료유궤무궤배시대수도도수결실솔화실립중적량호작용。
[Objectives]The effects of long-term organic-inorganic fertilization on rice grain weight and seed-setting rate at different positions of rice spike were evaluated through the analysis of the samples from a long-term field experiment.[Methods]A field experiment with indica rice cultivar 926 as test material was conducted in Jiangxi Province, and the spike samples were collected from different parts after harvest. Four treatments i. e. mineral N, P and K (NPK), 70% chemical fertilizers plus 30% organic manure (70F+30M), 50% chemical fertilizers plus 50% organic manure ( 50 F+50 M ) , and 30% chemical fertilizers plus 70% organic manure ( 30 F+70 M ) were selected for the investigation from the 30-year long-term field experiment. All 4 treatments had the same rates of N, P , and K nutrients. The organic fertilizers were milk vetch and composted pig manure for early and late rice respectively, while the chemical fertilizers sources of N, P and K were urea, super-phosphate and potassium chloride respectively.[Results]1) The seed-setting rates in the three combination ratios of organic and chemical fertilizer treatments were increased, especially those in the middle and lower parts of an spike. Although the increments were not statistically significant, the coefficient of variation in the seed-setting rates was far lower than that in NPK treatment. 2) Different ratios of organic manure and the chemical fertilizers had different effects on the grain weight. The 50F+50M treatment significantly increased rice grain weight by 3. 1% compared with NPK treatment, but the 70F+30M treatment and 30F+70M treatment did not. 3) Dividing a spike into upper, middle and lower parts, the grain weights in the three parts of spike were not significantly increased in treatments of 70F+30M and 30F+70M, but was increased by 4. 7% and 3. 8% in the primary and secondary branch of rice spike in the treatment of 50F+50M, although not significant due to the high coefficient of variation. 4 ) Compared with treatment NPK, 50F+50M increased the rice grain weight by 4. 8% and 4. 7% in the primary and secondary branch of the upper parts, respectively, for the middle parts of spike by 3. 0% and 4. 6% respectively. However, treatments 70F+30M and 30F+70M had no significant difference with treatment NPK in rice grain weight in any branches of upper and middle parts of spike. 5 ) Organic-inorganic combined fertilization had no difference with NPK in seed-setting rate of different branches from upper parts of rice spike, but increased the set-setting rate in primary and secondary branches from middle and basal parts of rice spike, especially secondary branch of middle and basal parts of rice spike, but the use of organic fertilizer can’t improve the stability of the seed-setting rate in secondary branch of middle and basal parts of rice spike.[Conclusions]The ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizer has different effect on the seed weight and seed-setting rate in different parts and branches of a spike. In this experimental condition, 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% organic fertilizer shows significant increase in the seed weight in the primary and secondary branches of the middle and upper parts of a spike, which could be the main reason for the high yield. The 50% chemical fertilizer plus 50% organic fertilizer treatment is also good for the seed setting rate in the middle and basal parts of the secondary branches. So, 50 to 50 in organic and chemical nutrients should be recommended as a reasonable ratio.