CAJ | 학술논문

表生钾盐矿床主要沉积于陆壳板块上的陆表海盆地中，其沉积受制于全球板块运动，具体影响表现在板块的规模、边界特征、漂移历史与古纬度、古气候等的控制作用。在巨型稳定克拉通上，出现巨型陆表海盆，沉积分布广、厚度大的巨型钾盐矿床或矿集区，矿床沉积类型属于化学岩型即碳酸盐岩型钾盐矿；板块汇聚区域，如特提斯造山带，出现较多的小陆块并形成较小规模的海相及海陆交互相盆地，也形成了一些厚度大的巨型－超大型钾盐矿床或矿床群，沉积类型有化学岩型及碎屑岩型钾矿两类；而大陆板块边缘及其内部，出现裂谷盆地成钾，沉积环境可以从海相到非海相及过渡类型，钾盐沉积规模不等，也可出现超大型矿床，基本属于碎屑岩型钾矿；最后，在大陆板块内部出现典型陆相钾盐沉积。从时代上看，稳定巨型克拉通板块成钾，主要出现于古生代；而板块汇聚时期成钾，主要发生在中生代；裂谷成钾则主要出现在新生代，典型陆相钾盐矿床则出现在第四纪。由此可见，从古生代到新生代，地球表生成钾模式发生了重大转换。从成钾物质来源看，稳定克拉通海盆主要以海水补给为主，特提斯小陆块的海相盆地成钾物质，以海水补给为主，可能存在非海相（以火山活动带来深部物质等）的补给；而裂谷成钾物质补给，则是海相与非海相混合型，甚至一些盆地以非海相物质补给为主。从古生代到中生代，再到新生代，成钾盆地规模快速变小；所形成的钾盐资源量也呈相应递减变化规律。中国小陆块的漂移演化历史受控于全球主要板块的构造演化，其海相盆地成钾作用也应符合世界主要钾盐成矿的基本规律，因此，掌握全球板块对钾盐成矿基本约束规律，有助于研究中国小陆块海相成钾规律，指导中国海相找钾勘查突破。錶生鉀鹽礦床主要沉積于陸殼闆塊上的陸錶海盆地中，其沉積受製于全毬闆塊運動，具體影響錶現在闆塊的規模、邊界特徵、漂移歷史與古緯度、古氣候等的控製作用。在巨型穩定剋拉通上，齣現巨型陸錶海盆，沉積分佈廣、厚度大的巨型鉀鹽礦床或礦集區，礦床沉積類型屬于化學巖型即碳痠鹽巖型鉀鹽礦；闆塊彙聚區域，如特提斯造山帶，齣現較多的小陸塊併形成較小規模的海相及海陸交互相盆地，也形成瞭一些厚度大的巨型－超大型鉀鹽礦床或礦床群，沉積類型有化學巖型及碎屑巖型鉀礦兩類；而大陸闆塊邊緣及其內部，齣現裂穀盆地成鉀，沉積環境可以從海相到非海相及過渡類型，鉀鹽沉積規模不等，也可齣現超大型礦床，基本屬于碎屑巖型鉀礦；最後，在大陸闆塊內部齣現典型陸相鉀鹽沉積。從時代上看，穩定巨型剋拉通闆塊成鉀，主要齣現于古生代；而闆塊彙聚時期成鉀，主要髮生在中生代；裂穀成鉀則主要齣現在新生代，典型陸相鉀鹽礦床則齣現在第四紀。由此可見，從古生代到新生代，地毬錶生成鉀模式髮生瞭重大轉換。從成鉀物質來源看，穩定剋拉通海盆主要以海水補給為主，特提斯小陸塊的海相盆地成鉀物質，以海水補給為主，可能存在非海相（以火山活動帶來深部物質等）的補給；而裂穀成鉀物質補給，則是海相與非海相混閤型，甚至一些盆地以非海相物質補給為主。從古生代到中生代，再到新生代，成鉀盆地規模快速變小；所形成的鉀鹽資源量也呈相應遞減變化規律。中國小陸塊的漂移縯化歷史受控于全毬主要闆塊的構造縯化，其海相盆地成鉀作用也應符閤世界主要鉀鹽成礦的基本規律，因此，掌握全毬闆塊對鉀鹽成礦基本約束規律，有助于研究中國小陸塊海相成鉀規律，指導中國海相找鉀勘查突破。
표생갑염광상주요침적우륙각판괴상적륙표해분지중，기침적수제우전구판괴운동，구체영향표현재판괴적규모、변계특정、표이역사여고위도、고기후등적공제작용。재거형은정극랍통상，출현거형륙표해분，침적분포엄、후도대적거형갑염광상혹광집구，광상침적류형속우화학암형즉탄산염암형갑염광；판괴회취구역，여특제사조산대，출현교다적소륙괴병형성교소규모적해상급해륙교호상분지，야형성료일사후도대적거형－초대형갑염광상혹광상군，침적류형유화학암형급쇄설암형갑광량류；이대륙판괴변연급기내부，출현렬곡분지성갑，침적배경가이종해상도비해상급과도류형，갑염침적규모불등，야가출현초대형광상，기본속우쇄설암형갑광；최후，재대륙판괴내부출현전형륙상갑염침적。종시대상간，은정거형극랍통판괴성갑，주요출현우고생대；이판괴회취시기성갑，주요발생재중생대；렬곡성갑칙주요출현재신생대，전형륙상갑염광상칙출현재제사기。유차가견，종고생대도신생대，지구표생성갑모식발생료중대전환。종성갑물질래원간，은정극랍통해분주요이해수보급위주，특제사소륙괴적해상분지성갑물질，이해수보급위주，가능존재비해상（이화산활동대래심부물질등）적보급；이렬곡성갑물질보급，칙시해상여비해상혼합형，심지일사분지이비해상물질보급위주。종고생대도중생대，재도신생대，성갑분지규모쾌속변소；소형성적갑염자원량야정상응체감변화규률。중국소륙괴적표이연화역사수공우전구주요판괴적구조연화，기해상분지성갑작용야응부합세계주요갑염성광적기본규률，인차，장악전구판괴대갑염성광기본약속규률，유조우연구중국소륙괴해상성갑규률，지도중국해상조갑감사돌파。
Supergene potash deposits mainly occur in epicontinental sea basins on the continental plates,and their formation is generally controlled by global plates including the scale,boundary characteristics,drift process,paleo-latitude position and paleoclimate of plates during different geological intervals.Huge potash deposits with a large area and great thickness during Paleozoic often occurred in giant epicontinental basins with background of giant stable craton and belong to chemical rock type that potash deposits were formed in chemical-depositional environment with carbonate. Mesozoic potash deposits were mostly concentrated within plate-convergent areas characterized by Tethys realm where huge to large-sized potash deposits or potash deposit groups were formed in smaller-scale marine and marine-terrestrial basins within small continental blocks,and belong to chemical rock type and clastic rock type that potash deposits were formed in clastic-depositional environment with carbonate.Cenozoic potash deposits were dominantly distributed in rift basins occurred along the margin or in interior of continental plates,and can be formed in marine,nonmarine environments or in transitional environment. Whereas,typical terrestrial potash deposits often occurred in interior of continental plates.From the perspective of the forming ages of potash deposits,the formation models of potash deposits had encountered a huge switch,that is,giant stable craton types formed during Paleozoic,plate-convergent (i.e.Tethys realm)types did during Mesozoic and plate rifting type did in Cenozoic,respectively,and aimed the Quaternary,almost all the potash deposits around the world were typically formed in terrestrial environments.Accordingly,the provenance for potash formation in basins also differed from Paleozoic to Quaternary.Seawater during Paleozoic was the main source for potash deposits in marine basin within stable cratons,and during Mesozoic the nonmarine materials (e.g.,deep fluids caused by volcanic activities)were probably another potassium sources beside of seawater for potash deposits of small blocks in Tethy realm.Under the rift environments during Cenozoic,potassium supplies were often the mixture of marine and nomarine materials,in some case even were dominated by nomarine materials.From Paleozoic through Cenozoic,the reserves of potash deposits progressively decreased with the decreasing in space scale of basins.Chinese small continental blocks are portion of global plate component and their movements were subject to the global plate tectonism,potash formation in these small blocks therefore should be controlled by the regularity of global potash formation. Understanding of regularity of global potash formation will be helpful for studys of potash formation regularity of Chinese continental blocks and further potash exploration.