CAJ | 학술논문

城市化是欧洲文明的一个根本特征。从公元前700年起，城市化逐渐由南欧展开，并蔓延至整个大陆。城市及其形成的城市网络通常是影响发展的重要因素，并塑造了它们周边的区域。城市与乡村的土地和可达性的两极分化仍然是景观变化的重要因素。城市化及与之相关的交通基础设施确定了城市与乡村的关系。城市化水平由居住在城市地区的人口占总人口的比例来表示，其数值近期展现出爆炸性的增长，在欧洲大多数国家达到了约80%。与此同时，乡村地区开始被遗弃。关于乡村地区的思考、评价和规划均主要由城市居民完成，而乡村的未来发展也主要取决于城市的需求。关于城市地区及与之相连的乡村腹地和影响范围的思考越来越复杂。城市空间的集群，以及它们在全球化和快速交通模式带来的可达性改变下的处境，是影响欧洲传统文化景观改变的一些新因素。城市化进程表现为以不同的方式在空间中扩散的演进循环。城市化阶段的发展在南欧和北欧呈现出不同的时间和速度。主要的城市首先受到城市化进程的影响，并逐渐地影响较小的聚居地和更偏远的乡村地区。城市功能区是一个新的概念，同时对景观生态学也有重要的意义。地方尺度的景观变化只有将其放在更宏观的地理背景和所有相关的动态要素下才能被理解。乡村地区的变化呈现出不同的模式，分为主要城市周边的村庄、都市型村庄和偏远乡村的村庄三种类型。未来景观的规划和设计必须对这些背景有深刻的理解。城市化景观是高度变化的、复杂的和多功能的。因此，我们迫切需要关于景观状况的详细调研和变化监测，为合理的决策制定过程提供可靠的数据。
성시화시구주문명적일개근본특정。종공원전700년기，성시화축점유남구전개，병만연지정개대륙。성시급기형성적성시망락통상시영향발전적중요인소，병소조료타문주변적구역。성시여향촌적토지화가체성적량겁분화잉연시경관변화적중요인소。성시화급여지상관적교통기출설시학정료성시여향촌적관계。성시화수평유거주재성시지구적인구점총인구적비례래표시，기수치근기전현출폭작성적증장，재구주대다수국가체도료약80%。여차동시，향촌지구개시피유기。관우향촌지구적사고、평개화규화균주요유성시거민완성，이향촌적미래발전야주요취결우성시적수구。관우성시지구급여지상련적향촌복지화영향범위적사고월래월복잡。성시공간적집군，이급타문재전구화화쾌속교통모식대래적가체성개변하적처경，시영향구주전통문화경관개변적일사신인소。성시화진정표현위이불동적방식재공간중확산적연진순배。성시화계단적발전재남구화북구정현출불동적시간화속도。주요적성시수선수도성시화진정적영향，병축점지영향교소적취거지화경편원적향촌지구。성시공능구시일개신적개념，동시대경관생태학야유중요적의의。지방척도적경관변화지유장기방재경굉관적지리배경화소유상관적동태요소하재능피리해。향촌지구적변화정현출불동적모식，분위주요성시주변적촌장、도시형촌장화편원향촌적촌장삼충류형。미래경관적규화화설계필수대저사배경유심각적리해。성시화경관시고도변화적、복잡적화다공능적。인차，아문박절수요관우경관상황적상세조연화변화감측，위합리적결책제정과정제공가고적수거。
Urbanization is one of the fundamental characteristics of the European civilization. It gradually spread from Southeast Europe around 700 B.C., across the whole continent. Cities and the urban networks they formed were always an important factor in the development and shaping of their surrounding regions. Polarization of territory between urban and rural and accessibility are still important aspects in landscape dynamics. Urbanization and its associated transportation infrastructure deifne the relationship between city and countryside. Urbanization, expressed as the proportion of people living in urban places shows a recent but explosive growth reaching values around 80%in most European countries. Simultaneously the countryside becomes abandoned. Thinking, valuing and planning the countryside is done mainly by urbanites and future rural development is mainly focused upon the urban needs. Thinking of urban places with their associated rural hinterland and spheres of inlfuence has become complex. Clusters of urban places, their situation in a globalizing world and changing accessibility for fast transportation modes are some new factors that affect the change of traditional European cultural landscapes. Urbanization processes show cycles of evolution that spread in different ways through space. Urbanization phases developed at different speeds and time between Northern and Southern Europe. Main cities are affected ifrst, but gradually urbanization processes affect smaller settlements and even remote rural villages. Functional urban regions (FURs) are a new concept, which is also signiifcant for landscape ecologists. Local landscape change can only be comprehended when situated in its general geographical context and with all its related dynamics. Patterns of change are different for the countryside near major cities, for metropolitan villages and for remote rural villages. Planning and designing landscapes for the future requires that this is understood. Urbanized landscapes are highly dynamic, complex and multifunctional. Therefore, detailed inventories of landscape conditions and monitoring of change are urgently needed in order to obtain reliable data for good decision-making.